| Volodymyr Zelenskyy Ukraine Coin It has never been removed from its airtight case This is a Silver Plated Commerated Coin One Side of the Coin has an image of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in silver with the Ukraine Blue and Yellow Flag in the background With the words "President of the Ukriaine" "Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy" "Justice Freedom" & "In God we Trust" The back has the Ukriaine Coat of Arms and the words "Strong Lover and Peace" and "Ukriane" In Excellent Condition Sorry about the poor quality photos. They dont do the coin justice which looks a lot better in real life The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about 1 oz. It has never been removed from its air-tight acrylic coin holder Comes from a pet and smoke free home Would make an Excellent Present for the one you Love or Collectable Keepsake souvenir of a Great Leader Everytime they look at it they would think of you Like all my auctions...Bidding Starts at a Penny with no reserve....Grab a Bargain! Click Here to Check out my Unusual Coins Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 800 Satisfied Customers I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together I always combined postage on multiple items Instant Feedback Automatically Left Immediately after Receiving Payment All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. Overseas Bidders Please Note Surface Mail Delivery Times > Western Europe takes up to 2 weeks, Eastern Europe up to 5 weeks, North America up to 6 weeks, South America, Africa and Asia up to 8 weeks and Australasia up to 12 weeks Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!! Also if bidding from overseas and you want your item tracked please select the International Signed for Postage Option For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present, Christmas Gift, A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain! XXXX - DO NOT CLICK HERE - XXXX Click Here to Add me to Your List of Favourite Sellers If You Have any Questions Please Message me through ebay and I Will Reply ASAP I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan
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Ukraine Україна (Ukrainian) Flag of Ukraine Flag Coat of arms of Ukraine Coat of arms Anthem: Державний Гімн України Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy "State Anthem of Ukraine" 1:20 Ukraine - disputed (orthographic projection).svg Show globe Show map of Europe Show all Location of Ukraine (green) Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine at the start of the 2022 Russian invasion (light green) Capital and largest city Kyiv 49°N 32°E Official language and national language Ukrainian[1] Ethnic groups (2001)[2] 77.8% Ukrainians 17.3% Russians 4.9% Others Religion (2018)[3] 87.3% Christianity 11.0% No religion 0.8% Others 0.9% Unanswered Demonym(s) Ukrainian Government Unitary semi-presidential republic • President Volodymyr Zelenskyy • Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal • Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Ruslan Stefanchuk Legislature Verkhovna Rada Formation • Kievan Rus' 879 • Kingdom of Ruthenia 1199 • Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia 1362 • Cossack Hetmanate 18 August 1649 • Ukrainian People's Republic 10 June 1917 • Declaration of independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic 22 January 1918 • West Ukrainian People's Republic 1 November 1918 • Act of Unity 22 January 1919 • Declaration of independence from Soviet Union 24 August 1991 • Independence referendum 1 December 1991 • Current constitution 28 June 1996 Area • Total 603,628[4] km2 (233,062 sq mi) (45th) • Water (%) 3.8[5] Population • January 2022 estimate Neutral decrease 41,167,336[6] (excluding Crimea) (36th) • 2001 census 48,457,102[2] • Density 73.8/km2 (191.1/sq mi) (115th) GDP (PPP) 2021 estimate • Total Increase $588 billion[7] • Per capita Increase $14,330[7] GDP (nominal) 2021 estimate • Total Increase $198 billion[7] • Per capita Increase $4,830[7] Gini (2020) Positive decrease 25.6[8] low HDI (2021) Decrease 0.773[9] high · 77th Currency Hryvnia (₴) (UAH) Time zone UTC+2[10] (EET) • Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST) Date format dd.mm.yyyy Driving side right Calling code +380 ISO 3166 code UA Internet TLD .ua .укр Website ukraine.ua Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, romanized: Ukraïna, pronounced [ʊkrɐˈjinɐ] (listen)) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast.[a][11] Ukraine covers approximately 600,000 square kilometres (230,000 sq mi).[b] Prior to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, it was the eighth-most populous country in Europe, with a population of around 41 million people.[c][6] It is also bordered by Belarus to the north; by Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; and by Romania and Moldova[d] to the southwest; with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast.[e] Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city. Ukraine's official and national language is Ukrainian, many people are also fluent in Russian.[14] During the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century and was ultimately destroyed by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. After the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia emerged, the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia. The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century, but was partitioned between Russia and Poland, and ultimately absorbed by the Russian Empire. After the Russian Revolution, a Ukrainian national movement re-emerged, and formed the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917. This short-lived state was forcibly reconstituted by the Bolsheviks into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922. In the 1930s, millions of Ukrainians were killed by the Holodomor, a Stalin-era man-made famine. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine regained independence and declared itself neutral,[15] forming a limited military partnership with the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States, while also joining the Partnership for Peace with NATO in 1994. In 2013, a series of mass demonstrations, known as the Euromaidan, erupted across Ukraine, eventually escalating into the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, which led to the establishment of a new government and pro-Russian unrest. During this period, unmarked Russian troops invaded the Crimean Peninsula, which was later annexed by Russia; and pro-Russia unrest in Ukraine's Donbas culminated in Russia-backed separatists seizing territory throughout the region, sparking the War in Donbas. This series of events marked the beginning of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, and in a major escalation of the conflict in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Since the outbreak of war with Russia in 2014, Ukraine has continued to seek closer economic, political, and military ties with the Western world, including with the United States, European Union, and NATO.[16] Ukraine is a unitary republic under a semi-presidential system and a developing country, ranking 77th on the Human Development Index. Ukraine is the poorest country in Europe by nominal GDP per capita,[17] and has high levels of corruption.[18][19] However, due to its extensive fertile land, pre-war Ukraine was one of the largest grain exporters in the world.[20][21] It is a founding member of the United Nations, as well as a member of the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the OSCE, and is in the process of joining the European Union and becoming a NATO member.[22] Etymology and orthography Main article: Name of Ukraine The name of Ukraine likely comes from the old Slavic term for "borderland",[23] as does the word krajina. In the English-speaking world during most of the 20th century, Ukraine (whether independent or not) was referred to as "the Ukraine".[24] This is because the word ukraina means "borderland"[25] so the definite article would be natural in the English language; this is similar to "Nederlanden", which means "low lands" and is rendered in English as "the Netherlands".[26] However, since Ukraine's declaration of independence in 1991, this usage has become politicised and is now rarer, and style guides advise against its use.[27][28] US ambassador William Taylor said that using "the Ukraine" implies disregard for Ukrainian sovereignty.[29] The official Ukrainian position is that "the Ukraine" is incorrect, both grammatically and politically.[30] History Main article: History of Ukraine Early history Early Indo-European migrations from the Pontic steppes of present-day Ukraine and Russia[31] Settlement by modern humans in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains.[32][33] By 4,500 BC, the Neolithic Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was flourishing in wide areas of modern Ukraine, including Trypillia and the entire Dnieper-Dniester region. Ukraine is also considered to be the likely location of the first domestication of the horse.[34][35][36][37] The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of Ukraine and southern Russia as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans.[38] Early Indo-European migrations from the Pontic steppes in the 3rd millennium BC spread Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Europe.[39] During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Iranian-speaking Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians.[40] Between 700 BC and 200 BC it was part of the Scythian kingdom.[41] From the 6th century BC, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine colonies were established on the north-eastern shore of the Black Sea, such as at Tyras, Olbia, and Chersonesus. These thrived into the 6th century AD. The Goths stayed in the area, but came under the sway of the Huns from the 370s. In the 7th century, the territory that is now eastern Ukraine was the centre of Old Great Bulgaria. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the Khazars took over much of the land.[42] Administrative divisions Main articles: Administrative divisions of Ukraine and Ukrainian historical regions Further information: Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Ukraine (2021) — major cities and adjacent countries The system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country's status as a unitary state (as stated in the country's constitution) with unified legal and administrative regimes for each unit. Including Sevastopol and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea that were annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014, Ukraine consists of 27 regions: twenty-four oblasts (provinces), one autonomous republic (Autonomous Republic of Crimea), and two cities of special status—Kyiv, the capital, and Sevastopol. The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 136[234] raions (districts) and city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative units. Populated places in Ukraine are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban populated places are split further into cities and urban-type settlements (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have a certain degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance (as in the case of Kyiv and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities). A city's significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic and historical importance and infrastructure. Volyn Oblast VolynRivne Oblast RivneZhytomyr Oblast ZhytomyrKiev Oblast KyivKhmelnytskyi Oblast Khmeln- ytskyTernopil Oblast TernopilIvano-Frankivsk Oblast Ivano- FrankivskZakarpattia Oblast ZakarpattiaChernivtsi Oblast ChernivtsiVinnytsia Oblast VinnytsiaCherkasy Oblast CherkasyKirovohrad Oblast KirovohradMykolaiv Oblast MykolaivPoltava Oblast PoltavaChernihiv Oblast ChernihivSumy Oblast SumyKharkiv Oblast KharkivDnipropetrovsk Oblast DnipropetrovskOdesa Oblast OdesaKherson Oblast KhersonZaporizhia Oblast ZaporizhzhiaDonetsk Oblast DonetskAutonomous Republic of Crimea CrimeaLuhansk Oblast LuhanskKyiv SevastopolLviv Oblast Lviv•• Oblasts Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kyiv Kirovohrad Luhansk Lviv Mykolaiv Odesa Poltava Rivne Sumy Ternopil Vinnytsia Volyn Zakarpattia Zaporizhzhia Zhytomyr Autonomous republic Cities with special status Autonomous Republic of Crimea City of Kyiv City of Sevastopol Economy Main article: Economy of Ukraine Kyiv, the financial centre of Ukraine In 2021 agriculture was the biggest sector of the economy and Ukraine was the world's largest wheat exporter.[235] However, Ukraine remains among the poorest countries in Europe,[236] and corruption remains a widespread issue; the country was rated 122nd out of 180 in the Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021, the second-lowest result in Europe after Russia.[237][238] In 2021 Ukraine's GDP per capita by purchasing power parity was just over $14,000.[239] Despite supplying emergency financial support, the IMF expected the economy to shrink considerably in 2022 due to Russia's invasion.[240] One 2022 estimate was that post-war reconstruction costs might reach half a trillion dollars.[241] In 2021, the average salary in Ukraine reached its highest level at almost ₴14,300 (US$525) per month.[242] About 1% of Ukrainians lived below the national poverty line in 2019.[243] Unemployment in Ukraine was 4.5% in 2019.[244] In 2019 5–15% of the Ukrainian population were categorized as middle class.[245] In 2020 Ukraine's government debt was roughly 50% of its nominal GDP.[246][235] In 2021 mineral commodities and light industry were important sectors.[235] Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and spacecraft.[247][248][249] Antonov airplanes and KrAZ trucks are exported to many countries. The European Union is the country's main trade partner, and remittances from Ukrainians working abroad are important.[235] Agriculture Ukraine is among the world's top agricultural producers and exporters and is often described as the "bread basket of Europe". During the 2020/21 international wheat marketing season (July–June), it ranked as the sixth largest wheat exporter, accounting for nine percent of world wheat trade.[250] The country is also a major global exporter of maize, barley and rapeseed. In 2020/21, it accounted for 12 percent of global trade in maize and barley and for 14 percent of world rapeseed exports. Its trade share is even greater in the sunflower oil sector, with the country accounting for about 50 percent of world exports in 2020/2021.[250] According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), further to causing the loss of lives and increasing humanitarian needs, the likely disruptions caused by the Russo-Ukrainian War to Ukraine's grain and oilseed sectors, could jeopardize the food security of many countries, especially those that are highly dependent on Ukraine and Russia for their food and fertilizer imports.[251] Several of these countries fall into the Least Developed Country (LDC) group, while many others belong to the group of Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDCs).[252][253] For example Eritrea sourced 47 percent of its wheat imports in 2021 from Ukraine. Overall, more than 30 nations depend on Ukraine and the Russian Federation for over 30 percent of their wheat import needs, many of them in North Africa and Western and Central Asia.[250] Tourism Main article: Tourism in Ukraine Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle, one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine Before the Russo-Ukrainian war the number of tourists visiting Ukraine was eighth in Europe, according to the World Tourism Organization rankings.[254] Ukraine has numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for skiing, hiking and fishing; the Black Sea coastline as a popular summer destination; nature reserves of different ecosystems; and churches, castle ruins and other architectural and park landmarks. Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa and Kamyanets-Podilskyi were Ukraine's principal tourist centres, each offering many historical landmarks and extensive hospitality infrastructure. The Seven Wonders of Ukraine and Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine are selections of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by Ukrainian experts and an Internet-based public vote. Tourism was the mainstay of Crimea's economy before a major fall in visitor numbers following the Russian annexation in 2014.[255] Transport Main article: Transport in Ukraine HRCS2 unit HRCS2 multiple unit. Rail transport is heavily utilised in Ukraine. Many roads and bridges were destroyed, and international maritime travel was blocked by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[240] Before that it was mainly through the Port of Odesa, from where ferries sailed regularly to Istanbul, Varna and Haifa. The largest ferry company operating these routes was Ukrferry.[256] There are over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of navigable waterways on 7 rivers, mostly on the Danube, Dnieper and Pripyat. All Ukraine's rivers freeze over in winter, limiting navigation.[257] Ukraine's rail network connects all major urban areas, port facilities and industrial centres with neighbouring countries.[citation needed] The heaviest concentration of railway track is the Donbas region.[258] Although rail freight transport fell in the 1990s, Ukraine is still one of the world's highest rail users.[259] Ukraine International Airlines, is the flag carrier and the largest airline,[260] with its head office in Kyiv[261] and its main hub at Kyiv's Boryspil International Airport. It operated domestic and international passenger flights and cargo services to Europe, the Middle East, the United States,[222] Canada,[262] and Asia. Energy Main article: Energy in Ukraine Electricity production by source in Ukraine Energy in Ukraine is mainly from gas and coal, followed by nuclear then oil.[170] The coal industry has been disrupted by conflict.[263] Most gas and oil is imported, but since 2015 energy policy has prioritised diversifying energy supply.[264] About half of electricity generation is nuclear and a quarter coal.[170] The largest nuclear power plant in Europe, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, is in Ukraine. Fossil fuel subsidies were US$2.2 billion in 2019.[265] Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not.[266] Although gas transit is declining, over 40 billion cubic metres (bcm) of Russian gas flowed through Ukraine in 2021,[267] which was about a third of Russian exports to other European countries.[268] Some energy infrastructure was destroyed in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[269][270] In early 2022 Ukraine and Moldova decoupled their electricity grids from the Integrated Power System of Russia and Belarus; and the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity synchronized them with continental Europe.[271][272] Information technology Main articles: Economy of Ukraine § Information technology, and Internet in Ukraine The internet in the country is robust because it is diverse.[273] Key officials may use Starlink as backup.[273] The IT industry contributed almost 5 per cent to Ukraine's GDP in 2021[274] and in 2022 continued both inside and outside the country.[275] Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Ukraine and Ukrainians Composition of Ukraine by ethnicity Ukrainians 77.8% Russians 17.3% Romanians and Moldovans 0.8% Belarusians 0.6% Crimean Tatars 0.5% Bulgarians 0.4% Hungarians 0.3% Poles 0.3% Others 1.7% Source: Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census Before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the country had over 41 million people, and was the eighth-most populous country in Europe. It is a heavily urbanized country, and its industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most densely populated—about 67% of its total population lives in urban areas.[276] At that time Ukraine had a population density of 69.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (180 per square mile), and the overall life expectancy in the country at birth was 73 years (68 years for males and 77.8 years for females).[277] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's population hit a peak of roughly 52 million in 1993. However, due to its death rate exceeding its birth rate, mass emigration, poor living conditions, and low-quality health care,[278][279] the total population decreased by 6.6 million, or 12.8% from the same year to 2014. According to the 2001 census, ethnic Ukrainians made up roughly 78% of the population, while Russians were the largest minority, at some 17.3% of the population. Small minority populations included: Belarusians (0.6%), Moldovans (0.5%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%), Hungarians (0.3%), Romanians (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.3%), Armenians (0.2%), Greeks (0.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).[2] It was also estimated that there were about 10–40,000 Koreans in Ukraine, who lived mostly in the south of the country, belonging to the historical Koryo-saram group.[280][281] Outside the former Soviet Union, the largest source of incoming immigrants in Ukraine's post-independence period was from four Asian countries, namely China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.[282] In the late 2010s 1.4 million Ukrainians were internally displaced due to the war in Donbas,[283] and in early 2022 over 4.1 million fled the country in the aftermath of the Russian invasion.[284] Language Main articles: Ukrainian language, Russian language in Ukraine, Languages of Ukraine, and Name of Ukraine According to the constitution, the state language of Ukraine is Ukrainian.[285] Russian is widely spoken, especially in eastern and southern Ukraine.[285] Most native Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language.[285] Russian was the de facto dominant language of the Soviet Union but Ukrainian also held official status[286] and in the schools of the Ukrainian SSR learning Ukrainian was mandatory.[285] Linguistic map of Ukraine showing most common native language by city, town or village council according to the 2001 census Effective in August 2012, a new law on regional languages entitled any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared official within that area.[287] Within weeks, Russian was declared a regional language of several southern and eastern oblasts (provinces) and cities.[288] Russian could then be used in the administrative office work and documents of those places.[289][290] On 23 February 2014, following the Revolution of Dignity, the Ukrainian Parliament voted to repeal the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting President Turchynov or by President Poroshenko.[291][292][293] In February 2019, the law allowing for official use of regional languages was found unconstitutional.[294] According to the Council of Europe, this act fails to achieve fair protection of the linguistic rights of minorities.[295] Ukrainian is the primary language used in the vast majority of Ukraine (see "Linguistic map of Ukraine" above.) 67% of Ukrainians speak Ukrainian as their primary language, while 30% speak Russian as their primary language.[296] In eastern and southern Ukraine, Russian is the primary language in some cities, while Ukrainian is used in rural areas. Hungarian is spoken in the Zakarpattia Oblast.[297] For a large part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in public life had decreased significantly.[298] Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the use of the Ukrainian language in schools and government through a policy of Ukrainisation.[299][300] Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled or dubbed in Ukrainian.[301] Ukraine's 2017 education law bars primary education in public schools in grade five and up in any language but Ukrainian.[302][303] Diaspora These paragraphs are an excerpt from Ukrainian diaspora.[edit] The Ukrainian diaspora comprises Ukrainians and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection, even if ephemeral, to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community. The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other post-Soviet states as well as in other countries such as Poland,[304] the United States,[305] Canada, the UK[306][307] and Brazil.[308] Religion Main article: Religion in Ukraine The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[309] is one of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine. Ukraine has the world's second-largest Eastern Orthodox population, after Russia.[310][311] A 2021 survey conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) found that 82% of Ukrainians declared themselves to be religious, while 7% were atheists, and a further 11% found it difficult to answer the question.[312] The level of religiosity in Ukraine was reported to be the highest in Western Ukraine (91%), and the lowest in the Donbas (57%) and Eastern Ukraine (56%).[313] In 2019, 82% of Ukrainians were Christians; out of which 72.7% declared themselves to be Orthodox, 8.8% Greek Rite Catholics, 2.3% Protestants and 0.9% Latin Rite Catholics. Other Christians comprised 2.3%. Judaism, Islam, and Hinduism were the religions of 0.2% of the population each. According to the KIIS study, roughly 58.3% of the Ukrainian Orthodox population were members of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, and 25.4% were members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).[314] According to a 2018 survey by the Razumkov Centre, 9.4% of Ukrainians were Byzantine Rite Catholics and 0.8% were Latin Rite Catholics.[315] Protestants are a growing community in Ukraine, who made up 1.9% of the population in 2016,[315] but rose to 2.2% of the population in 2018. Health Main article: Health in Ukraine Ambox current red Americas.svg This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022) Ukraine's healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist nationwide.[316] The public sector employs most healthcare professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public health facilities on a regular basis.[317] The municipal children's hospital in Kremenchuk, Poltava Oblast All of Ukraine's medical service providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Healthcare, which provides oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this, standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.[318] Ukraine faces a number of major public health issues and is considered to be in a demographic crisis because of its high death rate and low birth rate (the Ukrainian birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000 population).[citation needed] A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high mortality rate among working-age males from preventable causes such as alcohol poisoning and smoking.[319] In addition, obesity, systemic high blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the Ukrainian healthcare system.[citation needed] Active reformation of Ukraine's healthcare system was initiated right after the appointment of Ulana Suprun as a head of the Ministry of Healthcare.[320] Assisted by deputy Pavlo Kovtoniuk, Suprun first changed the distribution of finances in healthcare.[321] Funds must follow the patient. General practitioners will provide basic care for patients. The patient will have the right to choose one. Emergency medical service is considered to be fully funded by the state. Emergency Medicine Reform is also an important part of the healthcare reform. In addition, patients who suffer from chronic diseases, which cause a high toll of disability and mortality, are provided with free or low-price medicine.[322] Education Main article: Education in Ukraine The University of Kyiv is one of Ukraine's most important educational institutions. The Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans by Josef Hlávka, 1882, now Chernivtsi University According to the Ukrainian constitution, access to free education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority. Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis.[323] Because of the Soviet Union's emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues today, the literacy rate is an estimated 99.4%.[50] Since 2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six), middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary then takes three years.[324] Students in the 12th grade take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving exams. These tests are later used for university admissions. Among the oldest is also the Lviv University, founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th century, beginning with universities in Kharkiv (1805), Kyiv (1834), Odesa (1865) and Chernivtsi (1875) and a number of professional higher education institutions, e.g.: Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a Technological Institute (1885) in Kharkiv, a Polytechnic Institute in Kyiv (1898) and a Higher Mining School (1899) in Katerynoslav. Rapid growth followed in the Soviet period. By 1988 the number of higher education institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.[325] The Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, scientific and methodological facilities under national, municipal and self-governing bodies in charge of education.[326] The organisation of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher developed countries, as is defined by UNESCO and the UN.[327] Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of post-secondary graduates in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population.[328] Higher education is either state funded or private. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city students. It is common for libraries to supply required books for all registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor's degree (4 years) and the master's degree (5–6th year), in accordance with the Bologna process. Historically, Specialist degree (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by universities in Soviet times.[329] Ukraine was ranked 49th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021[330] Regional differences See also: Demographics of Ukraine § Regional differences, Central Ukraine, Eastern Ukraine, Southern Ukraine, and Western Ukraine The results of the 2014 parliamentary election with People's Front in yellow, Opposition Bloc in blue and Petro Poroshenko Bloc in red Ukrainian is the dominant language in Western Ukraine and in Central Ukraine, while Russian is the dominant language in the cities of Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine. In the Ukrainian SSR schools, learning Russian was mandatory; in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.[285][331][332][333] On the Russian language, on Soviet Union and Ukrainian nationalism, opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics tend be less extreme.[332][334][335][336] Similar historical cleavages also remain evident at the level of individual social identification. Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with Russia, differed strongly between Lviv, identifying more with Ukrainian nationalism and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and Donetsk, predominantly Russian orientated and favourable to the Soviet era, while in central and southern Ukraine, as well as Kyiv, such divisions were less important and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the Research & Branding Group held March 2010 showed that the attitude of the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive).[337] However, all were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture and politics than by demographic differences.[337][338] Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging to a "Soviet identity" is strongest in the Donbas (about 40%) and the Crimea (about 30%).[339] During elections voters of Western and Central Ukrainian oblasts (provinces) vote mostly for parties (Our Ukraine, Batkivshchyna)[340][341] and presidential candidates (Viktor Yuschenko, Yulia Tymoshenko) with a pro-Western and state reform platform, while voters in Southern and Eastern oblasts vote for parties (CPU, Party of Regions) and presidential candidates (Viktor Yanukovych) with a pro-Russian and status quo platform.[342][343][344][345] However, this geographical division is decreasing.[346][347][348] Culture Main article: Ukrainian culture A collection of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs—pysanky. The design motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures. Ukrainian customs are heavily influenced by Orthodox Christianity, the dominant religion in the country.[349] Gender roles also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in bringing up children, than in the West.[350] The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western neighbours, reflected in its architecture, music and art.[351] The Communist era had quite a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.[352] In 1932, Stalin made socialist realism state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated the decree "On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations". This greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s glasnost (openness) was introduced and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted.[353] As of 2022, UNESCO inscribed seven properties in Ukraine on the World Heritage List.[354] Ukraine is also known for its decorative and folk traditions such as Petrykivka painting, Kosiv ceramics, and Cossack songs.[355][356][357] The tradition of the Easter egg, known as pysanky, has long roots in Ukraine. These eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old, and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.[358] In the city of Kolomyia near the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, the museum of Pysanka was built in 2000 and won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine action. Literature Main article: Ukrainian literature Technically the history of Ukrainian literature dates all of the way back to the 11th century, following the Christianisation of Kievan Rus', however these earliest writings were liturgical and were written in the Old Church Slavonic language, not in true Ukrainian. Historical accounts of the time were referred to as chronicles, the most significant of which was the Primary Chronicle.[359][360][g] Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the Mongol invasion of Rus'.[359] Taras Shevchenko Lesya Ukrainka, one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers Ukrainian literature again began to develop in the 14th century, and was advanced significantly in the 16th century with the invention of the printing press and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both Russian and Polish dominance.[359] The Cossacks established an independent society and popularized a new kind of epic poem, which marked a high point of Ukrainian oral literature.[360] These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries, when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed. Nonetheless, by the late 18th century modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.[359] In 1798 the modern era of the Ukrainian literary tradition began with Ivan Kotlyarevsky's publication of Eneida in the Ukrainian vernacular.[361] By the 1830s, a Ukrainian romantic literature began to develop, and the nation's most renowned cultural figure, romanticist poet-painter Taras Shevchenko emerged. Whereas Ivan Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.[362] Then, in 1863, the use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively prohibited by the Russian Empire.[72] This severely curtailed literary activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled Galicia. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete after the revolution and the Bolsheviks' coming to power.[360] Ukrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years when nearly all literary trends were approved. These policies faced a steep decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others were killed by the NKVD during the Great Purge. In general around 223 writers were repressed by what was known as the Executed Renaissance.[363] These repressions were part of Stalin's implemented policy of socialist realism. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works. Literary freedom grew in the late 1980s and early 1990s alongside the decline and collapse of the USSR and the reestablishment of Ukrainian independence in 1991.[359] Architecture Main article: Ukrainian architecture St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv, foremost example of Cossack Baroque and one of Ukraine's most recognizable landmarks Ukrainian architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built in modern Ukraine, and by Ukrainians worldwide. These include initial roots which were established in the Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus'. Since the Christianization of Kievan Rus' for several ages Ukrainian architecture was influenced by the Byzantine architecture. After the 12th century, the distinct architectural history continued in the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia.[364] After the union with the Tsardom of Russia, architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area built in the styles of Russian architecture of that period, whilst the western region of Galicia developed under Polish and Austro-Hungarian architectural influences. Ukrainian national motifs would eventually be used during the period of the Soviet Union and in modern independent Ukraine.[364] However, much of the contemporary architectural skyline of Ukraine is dominated by Soviet-style Khrushchyovkas, or low-cost apartment buildings.[365] Weaving and embroidery Rushnyk, Ukrainian embroidery Artisan textile arts play an important role in Ukrainian culture,[366] especially in Ukrainian wedding traditions. Ukrainian embroidery, weaving and lace-making are used in traditional folk dress and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies depending on the region of origin[367] and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours and types of stitches.[368] Use of colour is very important and has roots in Ukrainian folklore. Embroidery motifs found in different parts of Ukraine are preserved in the Rushnyk Museum in Pereiaslav. National dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still practised in the village of Krupove, situated in Rivne Oblast. The village is the birthplace of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts fabrication. Nina Myhailivna[369] and Uliana Petrivna[370] with international recognition. Music Main article: Music of Ukraine Cossack Mamay playing a kobza Music is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences. From traditional folk music, to classical and modern rock, Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians including Kirill Karabits, Okean Elzy and Ruslana. Elements from traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even into modern jazz. Ukrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented second intervals.[371] During the Baroque period, music had a place of considerable importance in the curriculum of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. Much of the nobility was well versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy, Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the kobza, bandura or torban. Mykola Lysenko is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music.[372] The first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv in 1738 and students were taught to sing and play violin and bandura from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated in Hlukhiv or having been closely associated with this music school.[373] Ukrainian classical music differs considerably depending on whether the composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian ethnicity who was a citizen of Ukraine, or part of the Ukrainian diaspora.[374] Since the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player Mariana Sadovska is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international popularity of groups and performers like Vopli Vidoplyasova, Dakh Daughters, Dakha Brakha, Ivan Dorn and Okean Elzy. Media Main article: Media of Ukraine The Ukrainian legal framework on media freedom is deemed "among the most progressive in eastern Europe", although implementation has been uneven.[375] The constitution and laws provide for freedom of speech[376] and press. The main regulatory authority for the broadcast media is the National Television and Radio Broadcasting Council of Ukraine (NTRBCU), tasked with licensing media outlets and ensure their compliance with the law.[377] Kyiv dominates the media sector in Ukraine: National newspapers Den, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, tabloids, such as The Ukrainian Week or Focus, and television and radio are largely based there,[citation needed] although Lviv is also a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine, Ukrinform was founded here in 1918. BBC Ukrainian started its broadcasts in 1992.[378] As of 2022 75% of the population use the internet, and social media is widely used by government and people.[379] Sport Main article: Sport in Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian football manager and former professional footballer Ukraine greatly benefited from the Soviet emphasis on physical education. These policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.[380] The most popular sport is football. The top professional league is the Vyscha Liha ("premier league"). Many Ukrainians also played for the Soviet national football team, most notably Ballon d'Or winners Ihor Belanov and Oleh Blokhin. This award was only presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Andriy Shevchenko. The national team made its debut in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, Italy. Vitali Klitschko and his brother, Wladimir Ukrainian boxers are amongst the best in the world.[381] Since becoming the undisputed cruiserweight champion in 2018, Oleksandr Usyk has also gone on to win the unified WBA (Super), IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight titles. This feat made him one of only three boxers to have unified the cruiserweight world titles and become a world heavyweight champion.[382] The brothers Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko are former heavyweight world champions who held multiple world titles throughout their careers. Also hailing from Ukraine is Vasyl Lomachenko, a 2008 and 2012 Olympic gold medalist. He is the unified lightweight world champion who ties the record for winning a world title in the fewest professional fights; three. As of September 2018, he is ranked as the world's best active boxer, pound for pound, by ESPN.[383] Sergey Bubka held the record in the Pole vault from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic abilities, he was voted the world's best athlete on several occasions.[384][385] Basketball has gained popularity in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize EuroBasket 2015. Two years later the Ukraine national basketball team finished sixth in EuroBasket 2013 and qualified to FIBA World Cup for the first time in its history. Euroleague participant Budivelnyk Kyiv is the strongest professional basketball club in Ukraine. Chess is a popular sport in Ukraine. Ruslan Ponomariov is the former world champion. There are about 85 Grandmasters and 198 International Masters in Ukraine. Rugby league is played throughout Ukraine.[386] Cuisine Main article: Ukrainian cuisine Ukrainian borscht with smetana sour cream The traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes; grains; and fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes varenyky (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese, cherries or berries), nalysnyky (pancakes with cottage cheese, poppy seeds, mushrooms, caviar or meat), kapusnyak (cabbage soup made with meat, potatoes, carrots, onions, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), borscht (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat) and holubtsy (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat).[387] Among traditional baked goods are decorated korovais and paska Easter bread.[388] Ukrainian specialties also include Chicken Kiev and Kyiv cake. Ukrainians drink stewed fruit compote, juices, milk, buttermilk, mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and horilka.[389] See also flag Ukraine portal map Europe portal Outline of Ukraine Notes a.^ Among the Ukrainians that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were Aleksey Razumovsky, Alexander Bezborodko and Ivan Paskevich. Among the Ukrainians who greatly influenced the Russian Orthodox Church in this period were Stephen Yavorsky, Feofan Prokopovich and Dimitry of Rostov. b.^ Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the famine. See the Holodomor article for details. Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців") Retrieved 27 January 2008. c.1 2 These figures are likely to be much higher, as they do not include Ukrainians of other nationalities or Ukrainian Jews, but only ethnic Ukrainians, from the Ukrainian SSR. d.^ This figure excludes POW deaths. e.^ Several countries with territory in Europe have a larger total area, but all of those also include territory outside of Europe. Only Russia's European territory is larger than Ukraine. f.1 2 3 According to the official 2001 census data (by nationality;[390] by language[391]) about 75 percent of Kyiv's population responded 'Ukrainian' to the native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25 percent responded 'Russian'. On the other hand, when the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey, the Kyivans' answers were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52 percent, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32 percent, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14 percent, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3 percent. "What language is spoken in Ukraine?". Welcome to Ukraine. February 2003. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2008. g.^ Such writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature. Ukraine also has a battlefront to its southeast with territory annexed from it by Russia. 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Holocaust In The Ukraine, Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp. External links Ukraine at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Ukraine Corruption Profile from the Risk & Compliance Portal Ukraine information from the United States Department of State Key Development Forecasts for Ukraine from International Futures Encyclopedia of Ukraine Government The President of Ukraine Government Portal of Ukraine The Parliament of Ukraine Ukrainian art. 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Category Europe portal vte Council of Europe Institutions Secretary GeneralCommittee of MinistersParliamentary AssemblyCongressCourt of Human RightsCommissioner for Human RightsCommission for the Efficiency of JusticeCommission against Racism and IntoleranceVenice Commission Members AlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijanBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGeorgiaGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyLatviaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMoldovaMonacoMontenegroNetherlandsNorth MacedoniaNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaSan MarinoSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUkraineUnited Kingdom Observers CanadaHoly SeeIsraelJapanMexicoUnited StatesEU relations Former members Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)Russia (1996–2022)Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Authority control Edit this at Wikidata General ISNI 1VIAF 1WorldCat National libraries SpainFrance (data) 2 (data)3 (data)GermanyIsraelUnited StatesJapanCzech RepublicPoland Other Faceted Application of Subject TerminologyHistorical Dictionary of SwitzerlandMusicBrainz areaNational Archives (US)SUDOC (France) 1İslâm Ansiklopedisi Categories: Ukraine1991 establishments in UkraineCountries in EuropeEastern European countriesMember states of the Council of EuropeMember states of the United NationsRepublicsStates and territories established in 1991Ukrainian-speaking countries and territoriesPost-Soviet states Volodymyr Zelenskyy In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Oleksandrovych and the family name is Zelenskyy. Volodymyr Zelenskyy Володимир Зеленський Volodymyr Zelensky Official portrait.jpg Official portrait, 2019 6th President of Ukraine Incumbent Assumed office 20 May 2019 Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman Oleksiy Honcharuk Denys Shmyhal Preceded by Petro Poroshenko Personal details Born 25 January 1978 (age 44) Kryvyi Rih, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine) Political party Independent[1] Other political affiliations Servant of the People (2018–present) Spouse Olena Kiyashko (m. 2003) Children 2 Parent Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Residence Mariinskyi Palace Education Kyiv National Economic University (LLB) Occupation Politicianactorcomedian Signature Volodymyr Zelenskyy's signature Website president.gov.ua/en Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy[a] (born 25 January 1978), also transliterated as Zelensky or Zelenskiy,[b] is a Ukrainian politician and former comedian and actor[4] who has served as the sixth and current president of Ukraine since 2019. Born to a Ukrainian Jewish family, Zelenskyy grew up as a native Russian speaker in Kryvyi Rih, a major city of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in central Ukraine. Prior to his acting career, he obtained a degree in law from the Kyiv National Economic University. He then pursued a career in comedy and created the production company Kvartal 95, which produced films, cartoons, and TV shows including the TV series Servant of the People, in which Zelenskyy played the role of the Ukrainian president. The series aired from 2015 to 2019 and was immensely popular. A political party bearing the same name as the television show was created in March 2018 by employees of Kvartal 95. Zelenskyy announced his candidacy in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election on the evening of 31 December 2018, alongside the New Year's Eve address of then-president Petro Poroshenko on the TV channel 1+1. A political outsider, he had already become one of the frontrunners in opinion polls for the election. He won the election with 73.23 percent of the vote in the second round, defeating Poroshenko. He has positioned himself as an anti-establishment and anti-corruption figure. As president, Zelenskyy has been a proponent of e-government and of unity between the Ukrainian- and Russian-speaking parts of the country's population.[5]: 11–13 His communication style heavily uses social media, particularly Instagram.[5]: 7–10 His party won a landslide victory in the snap legislative election held shortly after his inauguration as president. During his administration, Zelenskyy oversaw the lifting of legal immunity for members of parliament (the Verkhovna Rada),[6] the country's response to the cvd-19 pandemic and subsequent economic recession, and some progress in tackling corruption in Ukraine.[7][8] During his presidential campaign, Zelenskyy promised to end Ukraine's protracted conflict with Russia, and he has attempted to engage in dialogue with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[9] His administration faced an escalation of tensions with Russia in 2021, culminating in the launch of the ongoing full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022. Zelenskyy's strategy during the Russian military buildup was to calm the Ukrainian populace and assure the international community that Ukraine was not seeking to retaliate.[10] He initially distanced himself from warnings of an imminent war, while also calling for security guarantees and military support from NATO to "withstand" the threat.[11] After the start of the invasion, Zelenskyy declared martial law across Ukraine and a general mobilisation of the armed forces. His leadership during the crisis has won him widespread international praise, and he has been described as a symbol of the Ukrainian resistance.[12][13] Social polls have ranked Zelenskyy among Ukraine's greatest presidents.[14][15][16][17] Early life Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy was born to Jewish parents on 25 January 1978 in Kryvyi Rih, then in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.[18][19][20][21] His father, Oleksandr Zelenskyy, is a professor and computer scientist and the head of the Department of Cybernetics and Computing Hardware at the Kryvyi Rih State University of Economics and Technology; his mother, Rymma Zelenska, used to work as an engineer.[22][23][24] His grandfather, Semyon (Simon) Ivanovych Zelenskyy, served as an infantryman, reaching the rank of colonel in the Red Army (in the 57th Guards Motor Rifle Division) during World War II;[4][25] Semyon's father and three brothers were killed in the Holocaust.[26][27][28][29] In March 2022, Zelenskyy revealed that his great-grandparents had been killed after German troops burned their home to the ground during a massacre.[30] Prior to starting elementary school, Zelenskyy lived for four years in the Mongolian city of Erdenet, where his father worked.[19] Zelenskyy grew up speaking Russian.[31][4] At the age of 16, he passed the Test of English as a Foreign Language and received an education grant to study in Israel, but his father did not allow him to go.[32] He later earned a law degree from the Kryvyi Rih Institute of Economics, then a department of Kyiv National Economic University and now part of Kryvyi Rih National University, but did not go on to work in the legal field.[19][33] Entertainment career At age 17, he joined his local team competing in the KVN comedy competition team.[34] He was soon invited to join the united Ukrainian team "Zaporizhia-Kryvyi Rih-Transit" which performed in the KVN's Major League and eventually won in 1997.[19][35][36] That same year, he created and headed the Kvartal 95 team which later transformed into the comedy outfit Kvartal 95. From 1998 to 2003, Kvartal 95 performed in the Major League and the highest open Ukrainian league of KVN, and the team members spent a lot of the time in Moscow and constantly toured around post-Soviet countries.[19][35] In 2003, Kvartal 95 started producing TV shows for the Ukrainian TV channel 1+1, and in 2005, the team moved to fellow Ukrainian TV channel Inter.[19] In 2008, he starred in the feature film Love in the Big City, and its sequel, Love in the Big City 2.[19] Zelenskyy continued his movie career with the film Office Romance. Our Time in 2011 and with Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon in 2012.[19] Love in the Big City 3 was released in January 2014.[19] Zelenskyy also played the leading role in the 2012 film 8 First Dates and in sequels which were produced in 2015 and 2016.[19] He recorded the voice of Paddington Bear in the Ukrainian dubbing of Paddington (2014) and Paddington 2 (2017).[37] Zelenskyy in Prague in 2009 Zelenskyy was a member of the board and the general producer of the TV channel Inter from 2010 to 2012.[33] In August 2014, Zelenskyy spoke out against the intention of the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture to ban Russian artists from Ukraine.[38] Since 2015, Ukraine has banned Russian artists and other Russian works of culture from entering Ukraine.[39] In 2018, the romantic comedy Love in the Big City 2 starring Zelenskyy was banned in Ukraine.[40] After the Ukrainian media had reported that during the Russo-Ukrainian War Zelenskyy's Kvartal 95 had donated ₴1 million to the Ukrainian army, some Russian politicians and artists petitioned for a ban on his works in Russia.[41][42][c] Once again, Zelenskyy spoke out against the intention of the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture to ban Russian artists from Ukraine.[38] Kvartal 95 performing in 2018 In 2015, Zelenskyy became the star of the television series Servant of the People, where he played the role of the president of Ukraine.[33] In the series, Zelenskyy's character was a high-school history teacher in his 30s who won the presidential election after a viral video showed him ranting against government corruption in Ukraine. The comedy series Svaty ("In-laws"), in which Zelenskyy appeared, was banned in Ukraine in 2017,[43] but unbanned in March 2019.[44] Zelenskyy worked mostly in Russian-language productions. His first role in the Ukrainian language was the romantic comedy I, You, He, She,[45] which appeared on the screens of Ukraine in December 2018.[46] The first version of the script was written in Ukrainian but was translated into Russian for the Lithuanian actress Agnė Grudytė. Later, the movie was dubbed into Ukrainian.[47] The October 2021 Pandora Papers revealed that Zelenskyy and his chief aide and the head of the Security Service of Ukraine Ivan Bakanov operated a network of offshore companies in the British Virgin Islands, Cyprus, and Belize. These companies included some that owned expensive London property.[48] Around the time of his 2019 election, Zelenskyy handed his shares in a key offshore company over to Sergei Shefir, but the two men appear to have made an arrangement for Zelenskyy's family to continue receiving the money from these companies.[48] Zelenskyy's election campaign had centred on pledges to clean up the government of Ukraine.[48] 2019 presidential campaign Main article: 2019 Ukrainian presidential election Zelenskyy and then–president of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, 19 April 2019 In March 2018, members of Zelenskyy's production company Kvartal 95 registered a new political party called Servant of the People – the same name as the television program that Zelenskyy had starred in over the previous three years.[49][50] Although Zelenskyy denied any immediate plans to enter politics and said he had only registered the party name to prevent it being appropriated by others,[51] there was widespread speculation that he was planning to run. As early as October 2018, three months before his campaign announcement and six months before the presidential election, he was already a frontrunner in opinion polls.[52][50] After months of ambiguous statements,[51][50] on 31 December, less than four months from the election, Zelenskyy announced his candidacy for president of Ukraine on the New Year's Eve evening show on the TV channel 1+1.[53] His announcement up-staged the New Year's Eve address of incumbent president Petro Poroshenko on the same channel,[53] which Zelenskyy said was unintentional and attributed to a technical glitch.[54] Zelenskyy's presidential campaign against Poroshenko was almost entirely virtual.[55][56] He did not release a detailed policy platform[57] and his engagement with mainstream media was minimal;[55][d] he instead reached out to the electorate via social media channels and YouTube clips.[55] In place of traditional campaign rallies, he conducted stand-up comedy routines across Ukraine with his production company Kvartal 95.[59][60] He styled himself as an anti-establishment, anti-corruption figure, although he was not generally described as a populist.[57] He said he wished to restore trust in politicians, "to bring professional, decent people to power" and to "change the mood and timbre of the political establishment".[49][50][61] On 16 April 2019, a few days before the election, 20 Ukrainian news outlets called on Zelenskyy to "stop avoiding journalists".[55] Zelenskyy stated that he was not hiding from journalists but that he did not want to go to talk shows where "people of the old power" were "just doing PR" and that he did not have time to satisfy all interview requests.[62] Prior to the elections, Zelenskyy presented a team that included former finance minister Oleksandr Danylyuk and others.[63][58] During the campaign, concerns were raised over his links to the oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi.[64] President Poroshenko and his supporters claimed that Zelenskyy's victory would benefit Russia.[65][66][67][68] On 19 April 2019 at Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex presidential debates were held in the form of a show.[69][70][71] In his introductory speech, Zelenskyy acknowledged that in 2014 he voted for Poroshenko, but "I was mistaken. We were mistaken. We voted for one Poroshenko, but received another. The first appears when there are video cameras, the other Petro sends Medvedchuk privietiki (greetings) to Moscow".[69] Although Zelenskyy initially said he would only serve a single term, he walked back this promise in May 2021, saying he had not yet made up his mind.[72] Zelenskyy stated that as president he would develop the economy and attract investment to Ukraine through "a restart of the judicial system" and restoring confidence in the state.[73] He also proposed a tax amnesty and a 5 per cent flat tax for big business which could be increased "in dialogue with them and if everyone agrees".[73] According to Zelenskyy, if people would notice that his new government "works honestly from the first day", they would start paying their taxes.[73] Zelenskyy clearly won the first round of elections on 31 March 2019.[74] In the second round, on 21 April 2019, he received 73 per cent of the vote to Poroshenko's 25 per cent, and was elected President of Ukraine.[75][76] Polish president Andrzej Duda was one of the first European leaders to congratulate Zelenskyy.[77] French president Emmanuel Macron received Zelenskyy at the Élysée Palace in Paris on 12 April 2019.[78] On 22 April, U.S. president Donald Trump congratulated Zelenskyy on his victory over the telephone.[79][80] European Commission president Jean Claude Juncker and European Council president Donald Tusk also issued a joint letter of congratulations and stated that the European Union (EU) will work to speed up the implementation of the remainder of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, including the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area.[81] Presidency Presidential styles of Volodymyr Zelenskyy Flag of the President of Ukraine.svg Reference style Його Високоповажність, Президент України. "His Excellency, the President of Ukraine" Spoken style Президент України. "President of Ukraine" Alternative style Пане Президенте. "Mr President" Zelenskyy with German Chancellor Angela Merkel at the Federal Chancellery Complex in Berlin, June 2019 Zelenskyy meets with U.S. president Donald Trump in New York City on 25 September 2019 Zelenskyy and Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko in Zhytomyr, October 2019 Zelenskyy leaving 10 Downing Street after a meeting with British Prime Minister Boris Johnson in October 2020 Zelenskyy was inaugurated on 20 May 2019.[82] Various foreign officials attended the ceremony in Ukraine's parliament (Verkhovna Rada), including Salome Zourabichvili (Georgia), Kersti Kaljulaid (Estonia), Raimonds Vējonis (Latvia), Dalia Grybauskaitė (Lithuania), János Áder (Hungary), Maroš Šefčovič (European Union), and Rick Perry (United States).[83] Zelenskyy is the first Jewish president; with Volodymyr Groysman as prime minister, Ukraine became the first country other than Israel to simultaneously have a Jewish head of state and head of government.[21] In his inaugural address, Zelenskyy dissolved the then Ukrainian parliament and called for early parliamentary elections (which had originally been due to be held in October of that year).[84] One of Zelenskyy's coalition partners, the People's Front, opposed the move and withdrew from the ruling coalition.[85] On 28 May, Zelenskyy restored the Ukrainian citizenship of Mikheil Saakashvili.[86] Zelenskyy's first major proposal to change the electoral system from a plurality voting system to proportional representation with closed party lists was strongly rejected by the Ukrainian parliament, due to the belief that closed lists would lead to more corruption in government.[87] In addition, on 6 June, lawmakers refused to include Zelenskyy's key initiative on reintroducing criminal liability for illegal enrichment in the parliament's agenda, and instead included a similar bill proposed by a group of deputies.[88][89] In June 2019 it was announced that the president's third major initiative, which seeks to remove immunity from lawmakers, diplomats and judges, would be submitted after the July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[90] This initiative was completed on 3 September, when the new parliament passed a bill stripping lawmakers of legal immunity, delivering Zelenskyy a legislative victory by fulfilling one of his key campaign promises.[91] On 8 July, Zelenskyy ordered the cancellation of the annual Kyiv Independence Day Parade on Maidan Nezalezhnosti, citing costs. Despite this, Zelenskyy highlighted that the day would "honor heroes" on Independence Day, however the "format will be new".[92][93][94] He also proposed to spend the money that would have been used to finance the parade on veterans.[95] In 2020, Zelenskyy's party proposed reforms to Ukraine's media laws with the intent to increase competition and loosen the dominance of Ukrainian oligarchs on television and radio broadcasters. Critics said it risked increasing media censorship in Ukraine[96] because its clause of criminal responsibility for the distribution of disinformation could be abused.[97] Zelenskyy was criticized for a secret trip to Oman in January 2020 that was not published on his official schedule and on which he appeared to mix a personal holiday with government business. Although the president's office said the trip had been paid for by Zelenskyy himself and not with government money, Zelenskyy came under heavy criticism for the lack of transparency around the trip, which was compared unfavourably to a secret vacation his predecessor Petro Poroshenko took in the Maldives, and which Zelenskyy himself had criticized at the time.[98][99] In January 2021, parliament passed a bill updating and reforming Ukraine's referendum laws,[100] which Ukraine's Constitutional Court had declared unconstitutional in 2018.[101] Fixing the referendum law had been one of Zelenskyy's campaign promises.[100] In June 2021, Zelenskyy submitted to the Verkhovna Rada a bill creating a public registry of Ukraine's oligarchs, banning them from participating in privatizations of state-owned companies, and forbidding them from contributing financially to politicians. Opposition party leaders supported Zelenskyy's goal of reducing oligarchs' influence on politics in Ukraine but were critical of his approach, saying the public register would be both dangerous, as it concentrated power in the president; and ineffective, since oligarchs were merely a "symbol" of more deeply-rooted corruption.[102] The bill was passed into law in September 2021.[103] Critics of Zelenskyy's administration have claimed that, in taking power away from the Ukrainian oligarchs, he has sought to centralize authority and strengthen his personal position.[104] Cabinets and administration Zelenskyy appointed Andriy Bohdan as head of the Presidential Administration of Ukraine. Prior to this, Bohdan had been the lawyer of Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi.[105] Under the rules of Lustration in Ukraine, introduced in 2014 following Euromaidan, Bohdan is not entitled to hold any state office until 2024 (because of his government post during the Second Azarov Government).[106] Bohdan, however, contended that because heading the presidential administration is not considered civil service work, lustration did not apply to him.[107] A number of the members of the Presidential Administration Zelenskyy appointed were former colleagues from his former production company, Kvartal 95,[105] including Ivan Bakanov, who became deputy head of the Ukrainian Secret Service.[108] Former deputy foreign minister Olena Zerkal declined an appointment as deputy head of the presidential administration, but did agree to serve as the Ukrainian representative of the international courts concerning Russia.[109] Zelenskyy's requests to replace the foreign minister, defence minister, chief prosecutor and head of Ukraine's security service were rejected by parliament.[110][111] Zelenskyy also dismissed and replaced 20 of the governors of Ukraine's 24 oblasts.[112] Honcharuk government Main article: Honcharuk Government In the 21 July 2019 parliamentary election, Zelenskyy's political party, Servant of the People, won the first single-party majority in modern Ukrainian history in parliament, with 43 per cent of the party-list vote. His party gained 254 of the 424 seats.[113] Following the elections, Zelenskyy nominated Oleksiy Honcharuk as prime minister, who was quickly confirmed by parliament. Parliament also confirmed Andrii Zahorodniuk as defence minister, Vadym Prystaiko as foreign minister and Ivan Bakanov as head of the SBU.[114] Arsen Avakov, a controversial figure due to longstanding corruption allegations,[115] was kept on as interior minister, with Honcharuk arguing that the relatively inexperienced government needed experienced administrators and that Avakov had been "'drawn red lines' that cannot be crossed."[116] Zelenskyy dismissed Bohdan as head of his presidential administration on 11 February 2020 and appointed Andriy Yermak as his successor the same day.[117] Shmyhal government See also: Land reforms by country § Ukraine On 6 March 2020, the Honcharuk government gave way to the government of Denys Shmyhal. At the time, there was disquiet in the press over the hasty departure of Honcharuk.[118] In his 4 March address to the Rada,[119] Zelenskyy recommitted to reforms domestic and financial, and remarked that he "cannot always become a psychologist for people, a crisis manager for someone, a collector who requires honestly earned money, and a nanny of the ministry in charge."[citation needed] By September 2020, Zelenskyy's approval ratings had fallen to less than 32 per cent.[120] Zelenskyy and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on 16 October 2020 On 24 March 2021, Zelenskyy signed the Decree 117/2021 approving the "strategy for de-occupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol."[121] Attempts to end the Donbas conflict One of Zelenskyy's central campaign promises had been to end the Russo-Ukrainian War and resolve the Russia-sponsored separatist movement there.[122] On 3 June, Zelenskyy appointed former president Leonid Kuchma as Ukraine's representative in the Tripartite Contact Group for a settlement in the conflict.[123] On 11 July 2019, Zelenskyy held his first telephone conversation with Russian president Vladimir Putin, during which he urged Putin to enter into talks mediated by European countries.[124][125] The two leaders also discussed the exchange of prisoners held by both sides.[125] In October 2019, Zelenskyy announced a preliminary deal struck with the separatists, under which the Ukrainian government would respect elections held in the region in exchange for Russia withdrawing its unmarked troops.[122] The deal was met with heavy criticism and protests by both politicians and the Ukrainian public. Detractors noted that elections held in Donbas were unlikely to be free and fair, that the separatists had long driven out most pro-Ukrainian residents out of the region to ensure a pro-Russia majority, and that it would be impossible to ensure Russia kept its end of the agreement.[122] Zelenskyy defended his negotiations, saying the elections would not be held before a Russian withdrawal.[126] The agreement failed to ease the conflict, as the separatists continued their attacks and Russia continued providing them with weapons and ammunition.[127] Several Ukrainian nationalist militias and former militias also refused to accept the agreement, including the far-right Azov fighters in the Luhansk region of Donbas. Zelenskyy met personally with some of these groups and tried to convince them to surrender their unregistered weapons and accept the peace accord. Andriy Biletsky, the leader of the far-right National Corps and first commander of Azov, accused Zelenskyy of being disrespectful to army veterans and of acting on behalf of the Kremlin by leaving Ukrainians vulnerable to Russian aggression.[128][129] Ultimately, the peace deal failed to reduce the violence, much less end the war.[127] In December 2019, Russia and Ukraine agreed to resume talks mediated by France and Germany under the so-called Normandy Format, which had been abandoned in 2016; it was Zelenskyy's first face-to-face meeting with Vladimir Putin.[130] In July 2020, Zelenskyy announced a formal ceasefire with the separatists — the more than twentieth such attempt since the war began in 2014.[131] Although the ceasefire was frequently violated over the next few years and overall violence remained high, ceasefire violations in 2020 did decrease by over 50 per cent compared to the previous year.[132] UIA Flight 752 See also: Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 On 8 January 2020, the Presidential Office announced that Volodymyr Zelenskyy was cutting his trip to Oman short owing to the Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 plane crash in nearby Iran the same day.[133] The same day, internet news site Obozrevatel.com released information that on 7 January 2020, Ukrainian politician of the Opposition Platform — For Life Viktor Medvedchuk – who has exclusive relations with the current president of Russia – may have arrived in Oman.[134][135] Soon, rumors began that Zelenskyy may have had some additional meetings beside the ones that were announced.[136] On 14 January 2020, Andriy Yermak dismissed the rumors as speculations and baseless conspiracy theories,[137] while Medvedchuk stated that the plane was used by his older daughter's family to fly from Oman to Moscow.[138] Later, Yermak contacted the on-line newspaper Ukrainian Truth and gave more details about the visit to Oman and the plane crash in Iran.[139] On 17 January 2020, the presidential appointee Minister of Foreign Affairs Vadym Prystaiko was unable to give answers during the "times of questions to the government" in parliament when the people's deputies of Ukraine asked him about the visit's official agenda, the invitation from Oman, officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs who were preparing the visit, as well as how the president actually crossed the border while visiting Oman.[140][141] On 20 January 2020, Prystaiko followed up by giving a briefing to the press in the Office of the president of Ukraine and saying that he would explain everything about the visit that when the time came.[142] Foreign relations Zelenskyy and Azerbaijan's president Ilham Aliyev on 17 December 2019 Zelenskyy, Ukraine's defense minister Andriy Taran and U.S. secretary of defense Lloyd Austin on 31 August 2021 Zelenskyy and U.S. president Joe Biden on 1 September 2021 See also: List of international presidential trips made by Volodymyr Zelenskyy Zelenskyy's first official trip abroad as president was to Brussels in June 2019, where he met with European Union and NATO officials.[143] In August 2019, Zelenskyy promised to lift the moratorium on exhuming Polish mass graves in Ukraine after the previous Ukrainian government banned the Polish side from carrying out any exhumations of Polish victims of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army-perpetrated Volhynian massacres, following the removal of a memorial to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Hruszowice, southeastern Poland.[144] In September 2019, it was reported that U.S. president Donald Trump had allegedly blocked payment of a congressionally mandated $400 million military aid package to Ukraine to pressure Zelenskyy during a July phone call between the two presidents to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden,[68][145] who took a board seat on Ukrainian natural gas company Burisma Holdings.[146] This report was the catalyst for the Trump–Ukraine scandal and the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. Zelenskyy has denied that he was pressured by Trump and declared that "he does not want to interfere in a foreign election."[147] On a trip to the United States in September 2021, Zelenskyy engaged in talks and commitments with U.S. president Joe Biden,[148] Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin, Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm,[149] and Secretary of State Antony Blinken.[150] President Zelenskyy and First Lady Olena Zelenska also took part in the opening of the Ukrainian House in Washington, D.C.[149] On the same trip, he met with Apple CEO Tim Cook[151] and with Ukrainians in senior positions at Silicon Valley tech companies[152] and spoke at Stanford University.[153] While Zelenskyy was still in the U.S., just after delivering a speech at the United Nations, an assassination attempt was made in Ukraine on Serhiy Shefir, his closest aide. Shefir was unhurt in the attack, although his driver was hospitalized with three bullet wounds.[154] 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Main article: Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine In April 2021, in response to Russian military build-up at the Ukrainian borders, Zelenskyy spoke to American president Joe Biden and urged NATO members to speed up Ukraine's request for membership.[155] Zelenskyy in the Donetsk region in June 2021 On 26 November 2021, Zelenskyy accused Russia and Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov of backing a plan to overthrow his government.[156] Russia denied any involvement in a coup plot and Akhmetov said in a statement that "the information made public by Volodymyr Zelenskiy about attempts to draw me into some kind of coup is an absolute lie. I am outraged by the spread of this lie, no matter what the president's motives are."[157][158] In December 2021, Zelenskyy called for preemptive action against Russia.[159] On 19 January 2022, Zelenskyy said in a video message that the country's citizens should not panic and appealed to the media to be "methods of mass information and not mass hysteria."[160][161] On 28 January, Zelenskyy called on the West not to create a "panic" in his country over a potential Russian invasion, adding that constant warnings of an "imminent" threat of invasion are putting the economy of Ukraine at risk.[162] Zelenskyy said that "we do not see a bigger escalation" than in early 2021 when Russia's military build-up started.[163] Zelenskyy and U.S. president Joe Biden disagreed on how imminent the threat was.[164][165] On 19 February, as worries of a Russian invasion of Ukraine grew, Zelenskyy warned the Munich Security Conference that Western nations should abandon their "appeasement" attitude toward Moscow. "Ukraine has been granted security assurances in exchange for giving up the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal. We don't have any firearms. And there's no security... But we have a right to urge a transformation from an appeasement policy to one that ensures security and peace," he stated.[166] In the early hours of 24 February, shortly before the start of the Russian invasion, Zelenskyy recorded an address to the citizens of both Ukraine and Russia. He disputed claims of the Russian government about the presence of neo-Nazis in the Ukrainian government and stated that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas region, while highlighting his personal connections to the area.[167] In part of the address, he spoke in Russian to the people of Russia, appealing to them to pressure their leadership to prevent war: "Who will suffer the most from this? People. Who does not want this more than anyone? People. Who can prevent this? People. "Are these people present among you? I am sure there are. Public figures, journalists, musicians, actors, athletes, scientists, doctors, bloggers, stand-up comedians, Tik-Tokers and many more. Regular people. Regular, normal people. Men, women, the elderly, children, fathers, and most importantly, mothers. Just like people in Ukraine. Just like the authorities in Ukraine, no matter how much they try to convince you otherwise. "I know that they will not show this appeal of mine on Russian television. But the citizens of Russia must see it. They must know the truth. And the truth is that this needs to stop, before it is too late. And if the Russian leadership does not want to sit down at the table with us for the sake of peace, then perhaps, they will sit down at the table with you. "Do Russians want war? I would very much like to answer this question. But the answer depends only on you, the citizens of the Russian Federation." The speech was widely described as "emotional" and "astonishing".[168][169] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Ambox current red Americas.svg This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022) Verkhovna Rada chairman Ruslan Stefanchuk, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Ukrainian Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal after signing of the application for membership in the European Union during the war on 28 February 2022 President Volodymyr Zelenskyy visits a military hospital for soldiers fighting in the Kyiv Oblast, 13 March On the morning of 24 February, Putin announced that Russia was initiating a "special military operation" in the Donbas. Russian missiles struck a number of military targets in Ukraine, and Zelenskyy declared martial law.[170] Zelenskyy also announced that diplomatic relations with Russia were being severed, effective immediately.[171] Later in the day, he announced general mobilisation.[172] On 25 February, Zelenskyy said that despite Russia's claim that it was targeting only military sites, civilian sites were also being hit.[173] In an early morning address that day, Zelenskyy said that his intelligence services had identified him as Russia's top target, but that he is staying in Kyiv and his family will remain in the country. "They want to destroy Ukraine politically by destroying the head of state", he said.[174] In the early hours of 26 February, during the most significant assault by Russian troops on the capital of Kyiv, the United States government and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan urged Zelenskyy to evacuate to a safer location, and both offered assistance for such an effort. Zelenskyy turned down both offers and opted to remain in Kyiv with its defense forces, saying that "the fight is here [in Kyiv]; I need ammunition, not a ride".[175][176][177] More than 90% of Ukrainians supported the actions of Zelenskyy,[178] including more than 90% in western and central Ukraine and more than 80% in Russian-speaking regions in eastern and southern Ukraine.[179] A Pew Research Center poll found that 72% of Americans had confidence in Zelenskyy's handling of international affairs.[180] Zelenskyy has gained worldwide recognition as the wartime leader of Ukraine during the Russian invasion; historian Andrew Roberts compared him to Winston Churchill.[181][182] Harvard Political Review said that Zelenskyy "has harnessed the power of social media to become history's first truly online wartime leader, bypassing traditional gatekeepers as he uses the internet to reach out to the people."[183] He has been described as a national hero or a "global hero" by many commentators, including publications such as The Hill, Deutsche Welle, Der Spiegel and USA Today.[181][184][185][186] BBC News and The Guardian have reported that his response to the invasion has received praise even from previous critics.[177][187] During the invasion, Zelenskyy has been reportedly the target of more than a dozen assassination attempts; three were prevented due to tips from Russian FSB employees who opposed the invasion. Two of those attempts were carried out by the Wagner Group, a Russian paramilitary force, and the third by the Kadyrovites, the personal guard of Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov.[188] While speaking about Ukrainian civilians who were killed by Russian forces, Zelenskyy said:[189] "We will not forgive. We will not forget. We will punish everyone who committed atrocities in this war... We will find every scum who was shelling our cities, our people, who was shooting the missiles, who was giving orders. You will not have a quiet place on this earth – except for a grave." On 7 March 2022, Czech president Miloš Zeman decided to award Zelenskyy with the highest state award of the Czech Republic, the Order of the White Lion, for "his bravery and courage in the face of Russia's invasion".[190] Zelenskyy with Polish Prime Minister Morawiecki, Czech Prime Minister Fiala and Slovenian Prime Minister Janša, Kyiv, 15 March Zelenskyy has repeatedly called for direct talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin,[191] saying: "Good Lord, what do you want? Leave our land. If you don't want to leave now, sit down with me at the negotiating table. But not from 30 meters away, like with Macron and Scholz. I don't bite."[192] Zelenskyy said he was "99.9 percent sure" that Putin thought the Ukrainians would welcome the invading forces with "flowers and smiles".[193] On 7 March 2022, as a condition for ending the invasion, the Kremlin demanded Ukraine's neutrality; recognition of Crimea, which had been annexed by Russia, as Russian territory; and recognition of the self-proclaimed separatist republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states.[194] On 8 March, Zelenskyy expressed willingness to discuss Putin's demands.[191] Zelenskyy said he is ready for dialogue, but "not for capitulation".[195] He proposed a new collective security agreement for Ukraine with the United States, Turkey, France, Germany as an alternative to the country joining NATO.[196] Zelenskyy's Servant of the People party said that Ukraine would not give up its claims on Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk.[197] However, Zelenskyy said that Ukraine was considering giving the Russian language protected minority status.[198] Zelenskyy in the Kyiv Oblast following the recapture of the region by Ukraine, 4 April On 15 March 2022, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, together with Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala and Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša, visited Kyiv to meet with Zelenskyy in a display of support for Ukraine.[199] On 16 March 2022, a deepfake appeared online of Zelenskyy calling on Ukrainian citizens to surrender to Russia. The attack was largely deemed to have failed at its intended goal.[200] The video is considered to be the first use of deepfake technology in a global-scale disinformation attack.[201] Zelenskyy has made an effort to rally the governments of Western nations in an effort to isolate Russia. He has made numerous addresses to the legislatures of the EU,[202][203] UK,[204] Poland,[205] Australia,[206] Canada,[207] US,[208] Germany,[209] Israel,[210] Italy,[211] Japan,[212] the Netherlands,[213] Romania,[214] and the Nordic countries.[215][216][217] On March 23, Zelenskyy was calling on Russians to emigrate from Russia so as not to finance the war in Ukraine with their taxes.[218] In March 2022, Zelenskyy supported the suspension of 11 Ukrainian political parties with ties to Russia: the Socialist Party of Ukraine, Derzhava, Left Opposition, Nashi, Opposition Bloc, Opposition Platform — For Life, Party of Shariy, Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Union of Leftists, and the Volodymyr Saldo Bloc.[219][220][221] The Communist Party of Ukraine, another pro-Russia party, had already been banned in 2015 because of its support to the Donbas separatists.[222] Zelenskyy has also supported consolidating all TV news stations into a single 24-hour news broadcast run by the state of Ukraine.[223] In April 2022, he criticized Germany's ties with Russia.[224] In May 2022, Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian men of conscription age had a duty to remain in Ukraine and that up to 100 Ukrainian soldiers were killed every day in the fighting in eastern Ukraine. He made the comment after he was asked about an online petition calling to lift a prohibition on Ukrainian men leaving Ukraine.[225][226] As Zelenskyy ordered a general military mobilization in February 2022, he also banned men ages 18 to 60 from leaving Ukraine.[227] In early June 2022, Zelenskyy's adviser Mykhailo Podolyak said that up to 200 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in combat every day.[228] Zelenskyy awarding a soldier near the front line in the Kharkiv Oblast, 29 May Zelenskyy denounced suggestions by former US diplomat Henry Kissinger that Ukraine should cede control of Crimea and Donbas to Russia in exchange for peace.[229] On 25 May 2022, he said that Ukraine would not agree to peace until Russia agreed to return Crimea and the Donbas region to Ukraine.[230] However, he later said he did not believe that all the land seized by Russia since 2014, which includes Crimea, could be recaptured by force, saying that "If we decide to go that way, we will lose hundreds of thousands of people."[231] On 3 May 2022, Zelenskyy accused Turkey of having "double standards" by welcoming Russian tourists while attempting to act as an intermediary between Russia and Ukraine in order to end the war.[232] On 25 May 2022, Zelenskyy said that he was satisfied with China's policy of staying away from the conflict.[233] In August 2022, he said China had the economic leverage to pressure Putin to end the war, adding "I’m sure that without the Chinese market for the Russian Federation, Russia would be feeling complete economic isolation. That’s something that China can do – to limit the trade [with Russia] until the war is over." According to Zeleenskyy, since the beginning of the invasion, Chinese President Xi Jinping had refused to speak with him."[234] On 30 May 2022, Zelenskyy criticized EU leaders for being too soft on Russia and asked, "Why can Russia still earn almost a billion euros a day by selling energy?"[235] The study published by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) calculates that the EU paid Russia about €56 billion for fossil fuel deliveries in the three months following the start of Russia's invasion.[236] Zelenskyy visiting a school in Irpin in Bucha Raion on the occasion of Knowledge Day on 1 September 2022 On 20 June 2022, Zelenskyy addressed African Union (AU) representatives via videoconference. He invited African leaders for virtual meeting but only four of them attended.[237] On 20 July 2022, South America's Mercosur trade bloc refused Zelenskyy's request to speak at the trade bloc's summit in Paraguay.[238] Speaking about the 2022 Russian mobilization, Zelenskyy called on Russians to not submit to "criminal mobilization", saying: "Russian commanders do not care about the lives of Russians — they just need to replenish the empty spaces left" by killed and wounded Russian soldiers.[239] Following Putin's announcement of Russia annexing four regions of Ukrainian territory it had seized during its invasion, Zelenskyy announced that Ukraine would not hold peace talks with Russia while Putin was president.[240] On 25 September 2022, Zelenskyy said that Putin’s threats to use nuclear weapons "could be a reality." He added that Putin "wants to scare the whole world" with nuclear blackmail.[241] He also said that Putin is aware that the "world will never forgive" a Russian nuclear strike.[242] When asked what kind of relationship Ukrainians and Ukraine will have with Russia after the war, Zelenskyy replied that "They took too many people, too many lives. The society will not forgive them", adding that "It will be the choice of our society whether to talk to them, or not to talk at all, and for how many years, tens of years or more."[243] Political views Economic issues In a mid-June interview with BIHUS info [uk] a representative of the president of Ukraine at the Cabinet of Ministers, Andriy Herus stated that Zelenskyy had never promised to lower communal tariffs, but that a campaign video in which Zelenskyy stated that the price of natural gas in Ukraine could fall by 20–30 per cent or maybe more was a not a direct promise but actually "half-hinting" and "joking".[244] Zelenskyy's election manifesto mentioned tariffs only once—that money raised from a capital amnesty would go towards "lowering the tariff burden on low-income citizens".[245][246] Foreign policy Zelenskyy and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson pay tribute to fallen Ukrainian soldiers in Kyiv on 17 June 2022 During his presidential campaign, Zelenskyy said that he supported Ukraine's becoming a member of the European Union and NATO, but he said Ukrainian voters should decide on the country's membership of these two organisations in referendums.[247] At the same time, he believed that the Ukrainian people had already chosen "eurointegration".[247][248] Zelenskyy's close advisor Ivan Bakanov also said that Zelenskyy's policy is supportive of membership of both the EU and NATO, and proposes holding referendums on membership.[249] Zelenskyy's electoral programme claimed that Ukrainian NATO membership is "the choice of the Maidan and the course that is enshrined in the Constitution, in addition, it is an instrument for strengthening our defense capability".[250] The program states that Ukraine should set the goal to apply for a NATO Membership Action Plan in 2024.[250] The programme also states that Zelenskyy "will do everything to ensure" that Ukraine can apply for European Union membership in 2024.[251] Two days before the second round, Zelenskyy stated that he wanted to build "a strong, powerful, free Ukraine, which is not the younger sister of Russia, which is not a corrupt partner of Europe, but our independent Ukraine".[252] In October 2020, he spoke in support of Azerbaijan in regards to the Nagorno-Karabakh war between Azerbaijan and ethnic Armenians over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Zelenskyy said: "We support Azerbaijan's territorial integrity and sovereignty just as Azerbaijan always supports our territorial integrity and sovereignty."[253] In February 2022, he applied for Ukraine to join the European Union.[254][255] Zelenskyy has tried to position Ukraine as a neutral party in the political and trade tensions between the United States and China. In January 2021, Zelenskyy said in an interview with Axios that he does not perceive China as a geopolitical threat and that he does not agree with the United States assertions that it represents one.[256] Russo-Ukrainian War Further information: Russo-Ukrainian War Zelenskyy and Russian President Putin met in Paris on 9 December 2019 in the "Normandy Format" aimed at ending the War in Donbas. Zelenskyy supported the late 2013 and early 2014 Euromaidan movement. During the war in Donbas, he actively supported the Ukrainian army.[33] Zelenskyy helped fund a volunteer battalion fighting on Donbas.[257] In a 2014 interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda in Ukraine, Zelenskyy said that he would have liked to pay a visit to Crimea, but would avoid it because "armed people are there".[258] In August 2014, Zelenskyy performed for Ukrainian troops in Mariupol and later his studio donated ₴1 million to the Ukrainian army.[259] Regarding the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, Zelenskyy said that, speaking realistically, it would be possible to return Crimea to Ukrainian control only after a regime change in Russia.[260] In an interview in December 2018, Zelenskyy stated that as president he would try to end the ongoing war in Donbas by negotiating with Russia.[261][262] As he considered the leaders of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (DPR and LPR) to be Russia's "puppets", it would "make no sense to speak with them".[262] He did not rule out holding a referendum on the issue.[263][262] In an interview published three days before the 2019 presidential election (on 21 April), Zelenskyy stated that he was against granting the Donbas region "special status".[264] In the interview he also said that if he were elected president he would not sign a law on amnesty for the militants of the DPR and LPR.[264] In response to suggestions to the contrary, he stated in April 2019 that he regarded Russian president Vladimir Putin "as an enemy".[265] On 2 May 2019, Zelenskyy wrote on Facebook that "the border is the only thing Russia and Ukraine have in common".[266] Zelenskyy opposes the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline between Russia and Germany, calling it "a dangerous weapon, not only for Ukraine but for the whole of Europe."[267] On 25 May 2022, Zelenskyy said that "Ukraine will fight until it regains all its territories."[268] Government reform Zelenskyy with NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg in June 2019 During the presidential campaign, Zelenskyy promised bills to fight corruption, including removal of immunity from the president of the country, members of the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) and judges, a law about impeachment, reform of election laws, and providing efficient trial by jury. He promised to bring the salary for military personnel "to the level of NATO standards".[269] Although Zelenskyy prefers elections with open list election ballots, after he called the snap 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election his draft law "On amendments to some laws of Ukraine in connection with the change of the electoral system for the election of people's deputies" proposed to hold the election with closed list because the 60-day term to the snap election did not "leave any chances for the introduction of this system".[270] Social issues Zelenskyy and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow in November 2021 Zelenskyy opposed targeting the Russian language in Ukraine and banning artists for their political opinions (such as those viewed by the Government as anti-Ukrainian).[271][272] In April 2019, he stated that he was not against a Ukrainian language quota (on radio and TV), although he noted they could be tweaked.[273] He also said that Russian artists "who have turned into (anti-Ukrainian) politicians" should remain banned from entering Ukraine.[264] In responding to a petition demanding equal rights for same-sex couples, Zelenskyy echoed the view that family does not depend on sex and asked the Prime Minister of Ukraine to review civil partnerships for same-sex couples. With regards to same-sex marriage, Zelenskyy cited a provision in the Constitution of Ukraine barring same-sex marriage, as well as a ban on wartime changes to the Constitution, ruling out an introduction of same-sex marriages during the ongoing war.[274][275] Civil rights organizations praised the statement, though criticizing its vagueness, as Zelenskyy eschewed details about legal proposals for civil partnerships.[276] Personal life Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Olena Zelenska in 2019 parliamentary election In September 2003, Zelenskyy married Olena Kiyashko, with whom he had attended school and university.[277][278] Kiyashko worked as a scriptwriter at Kvartal 95.[279] The couple's first daughter, Oleksandra, was born in July 2004. Their son, Kyrylo, was born in January 2013. In Zelenskyy's 2014 movie 8 New Dates, their daughter played Sasha, the daughter of the protagonist. In 2016, she participated in the show The Comedy Comet Company Comedy's Kids and won ₴50,000.[19] The family lives in Kyiv.[278] Zelenskyy's first language is Russian, and he is also fluent in Ukrainian and English.[280][281][282][283] His assets were worth about ₴37 million (about US$1.5 million) in 2018.[284] Awards and decorations On 27 March 2022, Slovakia awarded Zelenskyy one of the country's top awards, the State Award of Alexander Dubček. Eduard Heger, the Slovak prime minister, compared the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.[285] Zelenskyy has been called by The Times of Israel the "Jewish defender of Ukrainian democracy".[27] Gal Beckerman of The Atlantic described Zelenskyy as having "[given] the world a Jewish Hero".[286] Ukraine: Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2003)[287] Czech Republic: CZE Rad Bileho Lva 1 tridy BAR.svg Order of the White Lion, First Class (2022)[288] Latvia: LVA Order of Viesturs V kl.PNG Commander of Grand Cross of the Order of Viesturs (2022)[289] Lithuania: LTU Order of Vytautas the Great with the Golden Chain BAR.png Order of Vytautas the Great with the Golden Chain (2022)[290] Poland: Jan Karski Eagle Award (2022)[291] Slovakia: State Award of Alexander Dubcek (2022)[292] United Kingdom: Sir Winston Churchill Leadership Award (2022)[293] United States: Ronald Reagan Freedom Award (2022)[294] John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award (2022)[295] Philadelphia Liberty Medal (2022)[296] Selected filmography The film premiere of I, You, He, She Films Year Title Role 2009 Love in the Big City Igor 2010 Love in the Big City 2 Igor 2011 Office Romance. Our Time Anatoly Efremovich Novoseltsev 2012 Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon Napoleon 8 First Dates Nikita Sokolov 2014 Love in Vegas Igor Zelenskyy Paddington (Ukrainian dub) Paddington Bear (voice) 2015 8 New Dates Nikita Andreevich Sokolov 2016 Servant of the People 2 Vasyl Petrovych Holoborodko 2018 I, You, He, She Maksym Tkachenko Television shows and appearances Year Title Role Notes 2006 Dancing with the Stars (Ukraine) as contestant 2008–2012 Svaty ("In-Laws") as producer 2015–2019 Servant of the People Vasyl Petrovych Holoborodko 2022 64th Annual Grammy Awards Guest appearance Special message Notes Ukrainian: Володимир Олександрович Зеленський, pronounced [ʋoloˈdɪmɪr olekˈsɑndrowɪdʒ zeˈlɛnʲsʲkɪj]; Russian: Владимир Александрович Зеленский, romanized: Vladimir Aleksandrovich Zelenskyy, pronounced [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ zʲɪˈlʲenskʲɪj] Zelenskyy's name lacks an established Latin-alphabet spelling, and it has been romanized in various ways: for example Volodymyr Zelensky or Zelenskyi from Ukrainian, or Vladimir Zelenskiy from Russian.[2] Zelenskyy is the transliteration on his passport, and his administration has used it since he assumed the presidency in 2019.[2][3] Since 2015, Ukraine has banned Russian artists and other Russian works of culture from entering Ukraine.[39] From 21 January until 18 April 2019 Zelenskyy did not give interviews.[58] References Зеленський Володимир Олександрович [Elections of the President of Ukraine 2019]. Central Election Commission (Ukraine) (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Dickinson, Peter (9 June 2019). "Zelensky, Zelenskiy, Zelenskyy: Spelling Confusion Doesn't Help Ukraine". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019. Mendel, Iuliia [@IuliiaMendel] (10 June 2019). "Dear colleagues, this is the official form of the last name that the President has in his passport. This was decided by the passport service of Ukraine. The President won't be offended if BBC standards assume different transliteration" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2019 – via Twitter. "Volodymyr Zelensky Was a Jewish Comedian. Now the World's Eyes Are on Him". The Detroit Jewish News. 28 February 2022. LCCN sn94088996. OCLC 32399051. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Hosa, Joanna; Wilson, Andrew (25 September 2019). Zelensky Unchained: What Ukraine's New Political Order Means For Its Future (Report). European Council on Foreign Relations. JSTOR resrep21659. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022. "Ukraine Lifts Prosecutorial Immunity For Members Of Parliament". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 December 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. Peleschuk, Dan (15 April 2021). "Ukraine's anti-corruption effort struggles, but soldiers on". Eurasianet. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. Wilson, Andrew (6 July 2021). Faltering fightback: Zelensky's piecemeal campaign against Ukraine's oligarchs (Report). European Council on Foreign Relations. JSTOR resrep33811. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022. Lutsevych, Orysia (16 November 2021). "Ukraine still backs Zelenskyy despite slow progress". Chatham House. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022. "Conflict in Ukraine". Global Conflict Tracker. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022. Seibt, Sébastian (18 February 2022). "Military tactics: Zelensky plays both sides in Ukrainian crisis". France 24. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. Ledwidge, Frank (3 March 2022). "Ukraine war: what are Russia's strategic aims and how effectively are they achieving them?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022. "The courage of Ukraine's unlikely wartime leader". Financial Times. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022. "Українці визначилися з "найкращим президентом" в історії країни - Рейтинг". LIGA (in Russian). 18 May 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. Hilary (15 March 2022). "Olena Zelenska, Ukraine's shy first lady, steps up". The Times. Retrieved 19 June 2022. Carroll, Oliver (19 June 2022). ""Our son wants to be a soldier": an interview with Ukraine's first lady". 1843. The Economist. Retrieved 20 June 2022. Walker, Shaun (18 June 2022). "Ukraine's first lady Olena Zelenska on being Russia's target No 2: 'When you see their crimes, maybe they really are capable of anything'". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 June 2022. "War in Ukraine: Sky's Alex Crawford's interview with Volodymyr Zelenskyy in full". Sky News. Retrieved 3 August 2022 – via YouTube. "Exclusive interview with Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky". 60 Minutes Australia. Retrieved 3 August 2022 – via YouTube. Savchuk, Tetiana (28 March 2019). "Західна преса: про Тимошенко, Порошенка і Зеленського". Radio Svoboda/Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2022. російськомовний Зеленський "Trump and Zelensky speak after bilateral meeting". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019 – via YouTube. "Рух Чесно: У 2018 році Зеленський збільшив свої статки на 6 млн грн". Українська правда. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019. "Slovakia Awards Zelenskiy Dubcek Prize For 'Freedom and Hope'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022. Beckerman, Gal (27 February 2022). "How Zelensky Gave the World a Jewish Hero". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022. "Кабінет Міністрів України - Про нагородження Почесною грамотою Кабінету Міністрів України". kmu.gov.u. 23 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022. ""Showed courage and courage": Zelensky was awarded the highest state award of the Czech Republic – the Order of the White Lion". newsreadonline.com. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. "Латвия наградила Зеленского Орденом Виестура — за мужество в защите Украины". gorod.lv. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. "Zełenski z najwyższym litewskim odznaczeniem. Nausėda wyróżnił ukraińskiego odpowiednika". kurierwilenski.lt. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. "Prezydent Ukrainy W. Zełeński odznaczony Nagrodą Orła Jana Karskiego". gosc.pl. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. "Slovakia Awards Zelenskiy Dubcek Prize For 'Freedom and Hope'". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. "UK's Johnson gives Churchill award to Ukraine's Zelenskyy". Associated Press. 26 July 2022. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022. "Zelenskyy wins Ronald Reagan Freedom Award". foxnews.com. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. "Zelenskyy gets John F. Kennedy award for defending democracy". apnews.com. 21 April 2022. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022. Constitution Center External links Volodymyr Zelenskyy at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Edit this at Wikidata Kvartal 95 Archived 31 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine Volodymyr Zelenskyy at IMDb Appearances on C-SPAN Volodymyr Zelenskyy on Telegram Who is Volodymyr Zelenskyy? 1:31h Biograph Fox Videos James Hookway (31 March 2022). "Who Is Volodymyr Zelensky? What to Know About Ukraine's President". WSJ. Political offices Preceded by Petro Poroshenko President of Ukraine 2019–present Incumbent vte Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments GroysmanHoncharukShmyhal2019 Ukrainian parliamentary electioncvd-19 pandemic2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisisTrump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theoriesRusso-Ukrainian War Normandy Format2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine preludeassassination attemptsspeechesBlack Sea Grain InitiativeU-24Be Brave Like UkraineUnited24Ukraine Recovery ConferenceApplication to join the European UnionInternational trips Volodymyr Zelensky Official portrait (cropped).jpg Elections 2019 presidential election Filmography Films Love in the Big CityLove in the Big City 2Office Romance. Our TimeRzhevsky Versus Napoleon8 First DatesLove in Vegas8 New Dates8 Best DatesServant of the People 2Me. You. He. She Television Servant of the PeopleSvaty Musicals Three Musketeers Family Olena Zelenska (wife)Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Kvartal 95 StudioServant of the People (political party) Category:Volodymyr Zelenskyy ‹ The template below (Presidency of Ukraine) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. › vte Presidents of Ukraine • List of presidents • Elections History Hetman of Zaporizhian HostHetman of UkrainePresident of Ukraine (in exile) Andriy LivytskyiStepan VytvytskyiMykola LivytskyiMykola Plaviuk Standard of the President of Ukraine Inauguration Peresopnytsia GospelSymbols BulavaFlagCollarSealFirst Lady Residences Mariinskyi PalaceHouse with ChimaerasHouse of the Weeping Widow Administration and supporting agencies "Security bloc" Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-ChiefNational Security and Defense CouncilProcurator General*Foreign Intelligence ServiceDerzhspetszviazokSecurity Service of Ukraine*Administration of State SecurityGeneral StaffPardons Commission "Administrative bloc" Anti-Monopoly Committee*State Property Fund*State Committee on Television and Radio broadcasting*Public Humanitarian CouncilNational Institute of Strategic ResearchNational Academy for Public Administration Supporting Administration buildingConstitutional Assembly of UkraineRepresentatives CrimeaState Management of Affairs (*) approved by parliament vte President of Ukraine Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920) Mykhailo HrushevskyVolodymyr VynnychenkoSymon Petliura (Holovnyi Otaman) West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919) Kost LevytskyYevhen Petrushevych Hetmanate (1918) Pavlo Skoropadskyi Ukrainian People's Republic1 (1920–1992) Andriy LivytskyiStepan VytvytskyiMykola LivytskyiMykola Plaviuk Ukrainian National Council2 (1941) Kost Levytsky Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic3 (1922–1991) Georgy PyatakovStanislav KosiorDmitry ManuilskyEmmanuil KviringLazar KaganovichStanislav KosiorNikita KhrushchevLazar KaganovichNikita KhrushchevLeonid MelnikovAlexei KirichenkoNikolai PodgornyPetro ShelestVolodymyr ShcherbytskyVolodymyr IvashkoStanislav Hurenko Ukraine (since 1991) Leonid KravchukLeonid KuchmaViktor YushchenkoViktor YanukovychOleksandr Turchynov (Acting)Petro PoroshenkoVolodymyr Zelenskyy 1Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile. 2 Chairman of the Ukrainian National Council. 3First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. vte Candidates in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election Winner Volodymyr Zelensky Lost in runoff Petro Poroshenko Other candidates Gennady BalashovRoman BezsmertnyiOlha BohomoletsInna BohoslovskaViktor BondarYuriy BoykoOleksandr DanylyukYuriy DerevyankoMykola HaberAnatoliy HrytsenkoSerhiy KaplinYurii KarmazinArkadiy KornatskiyRuslan KoshulynskyiViktor KryvenkoVitalii KupriiIllia KyvaOleh LyashkoYulia LytvynenkoOleksandr MorozValentyn NalyvaichenkoRoman NasirovSerhiy NosenkoAndriy NovakVolodymyr PetrovRuslan RygovanovIhor ShevchenkoOlexandr ShevchenkoVitaliy SkotsykIhor SmeshkoOleksandr SolovyevSerhiy TarutaYulia TymoshenkoYuriy TymoshenkoOleksandr VashchenkoOleksandr VilkulVasiliy Zhuravlyov Withdrew Dmytro DobrodomovDmytro GnapSerhiy KrivonosYevheniy MurayevAndriy Sadovyi Opinion polling vte Current heads of 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For the recent escalation, see 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. For other wars between the two nations, see List of wars between Russia and Ukraine. Russo-Ukrainian War Part of the post-Soviet conflicts 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg Zones of control in Ukraine as of 26 October 2022 Controlled by Ukraine Occupied by Russia For a more detailed map, see the Russo-Ukrainian War detailed map Date 20 February 2014[b] – present (8 years, 8 months, 1 week and 6 days) Location Ukraine and Russia (see spillover into Russia) Status Ongoing Territorial changes Between 2014 and 2022: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Seizure of territory in eastern Ukraine by pro-Russia separatists Since 2022: Invasion of mainland Ukraine by Russia Annexation of southeastern Ukraine by the Russian Federation Belligerents Ukraine Supported by: For countries supporting Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion, see foreign aid to Ukraine Russia Donetsk People's Republic (2014–2022) Luhansk People's Republic (2014–2022) Supported by: Belarus (since 2022)[a] Commanders and leaders Volodymyr Zelenskyy (2019–present) Petro Poroshenko (2014–2019) Oleksandr Turchynov (acting; 2014) Oleksii Reznikov (2021–present) Valerii Zaluzhnyi (2021–present) Vladimir Putin (2014–present) Sergei Shoigu (2014–present) Valery Gerasimov (2014–present) Strength For details of strengths and units involved at key points in the conflict, see: Combatants of the war in Donbas (2014–2022) Order of battle for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Casualties and losses 4,619 killed[7][8] 9,700–10,700 wounded[9] 70 missing[10] 2,768 captured[11][12][13] 300+ T-64 tanks[14] 5,768 killed[9][15][c] 12,700–13,700 wounded[9] Civilian casualties: 3,393 killed (September 2021)[17] 7,000–9,000 wounded (February 2021)[9] For civilian casualties since 2022, see war crimes during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine vte Russo-Ukrainian War vte Post-Soviet conflicts The Russo-Ukrainian War,[18][d] also known as the Russia–Ukraine War, has been ongoing between Russia (alongside Russian separatists in Ukraine) and Ukraine since February 2014.[e] Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian separatists in the war in Donbas against Ukrainian government forces; fighting for the first eight years of the conflict also included naval incidents, cyberwarfare, and heightened political tensions. Throughout 2021, bilateral tensions rose due to a Russian military buildup near the border with Ukraine, and on 24 February 2022, the conflict saw a major escalation as Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. On 22 February 2014, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych was ousted from office as a result of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, which broke out after his decision to reject the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement and instead pursue closer ties with Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. Shortly after Yanukovych's overthrow and exile to Russia, pro-Russian unrest erupted in Ukraine's eastern and southern regions. Simultaneously, unmarked Russian troops moved into Ukraine's Crimea and took control of strategic positions and infrastructure, including government buildings. On 16 March 2014, Russia organized the internationally unrecognized Crimean status referendum, the outcome of which was in favour of Crimea coming under Russian sovereignty; Russia annexed Crimea in its entirety two days after the referendum was held. In April 2014, pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine proclaimed the establishment of the Donetsk People's Republic (in Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast) and the Luhansk People's Republic (in Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast) with support from Russia in the form of political figures, special forces, and deniable military advisors.[19] In August 2014, a large convoy of unmarked Russian military vehicles crossed the border with Ukraine and entered the Donbas region.[20] Although Russia denied direct involvement, Russian troops participated in decisive battles of the undeclared war in Donbas and also maintained strategic reserves that would be ready to move into Ukraine when necessary.[19] In February 2015, Minsk II was signed by both Russia and Ukraine as part of larger bilateral agreements to end the conflict, but a number of disputes prevented cooperative measures from being fully implemented. The war in Donbas eventually settled into a static conflict between Ukraine and Russian proxies, with multiple resolution attempts failing to result in the maintenance of a ceasefire. In 2019, 7 percent of Ukraine had been designated by the Ukrainian government as being "temporarily occupied" by Russia.[21] By September 2022, up to 18 percent of Ukraine was under Russian occupation.[22] Beginning in early 2021 and from late 2021 until February 2022, Russia built up a large military presence near its border with Ukraine, including from within neighbouring Belarus. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) accused Russia of readying for an invasion, which Russian officials repeatedly denied. As tensions rose over the buildup, Russian president Vladimir Putin criticized the enlargement of NATO and demanded that Ukraine be barred from ever joining the military alliance. He also expressed irredentist views and questioned Ukraine's right to exist.[23] On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognized the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states, and deployed troops to those territories. Three days later, Putin announced a "special military operation" in Ukraine during a televised broadcast, marking the start of a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The invasion was internationally condemned, leading to many countries to impose sanctions against Russia and ramping up existing sanctions.[24] Additionally, due to its role in the invasion, Belarus was also hit with sanctions and boycotts. Background Main article: Russia–Ukraine relations See also: Historical background of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Post-Soviet context and Orange Revolution Further information: Orange Revolution After the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991, Ukraine and Russia maintained close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as a non-nuclear-weapon state.[25] Former Soviet nuclear weapons in Ukraine were removed and dismantled.[26] In return, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to uphold the territorial integrity and political independence of Ukraine through the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances.[27][28] In 1999, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, which "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve."[29] In the years after the dissolution of the USSR, several former Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO, partly in response to regional security threats involving Russia such as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) and the First Chechen War (1994–1996). Russian leaders described this expansion as a violation of Western powers' informal assurances that NATO would not expand eastward.[30][31] The 2004 Ukrainian presidential election was controversial. During the election campaign, opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned by TCDD dioxin;[32][33] he later implicated Russian involvement.[34] In November, Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner, despite allegations of vote-rigging by election observers.[35] During a two-month period which became known as the Orange Revolution, large peaceful protests successfully challenged the outcome. After the Supreme Court of Ukraine annulled the initial result due to widespread electoral fraud, a second round re-run was held, bringing to power Yushchenko as president and Yulia Tymoshenko as prime minister, and leaving Yanukovych in opposition.[36] The Orange Revolution is often grouped together with other early-21st century protest movements, particularly within the former USSR, known as colour revolutions. According to Anthony Cordesman, Russian military officers viewed such colour revolutions as an attempt by the US and European states to destabilise neighbouring countries and undermine Russia's national security.[37] Russian President Vladimir Putin accused organisers of the 2011–2013 Russian protests of being former advisors to Yushchenko, and described the protests as an attempt to transfer the Orange Revolution to Russia.[38] Rallies in favour of Putin during this period were called "anti-Orange protests".[39] Sergey Karaganov, who is considered close to Putin, formulated many of the core ideas that led to Russia's invasion of Ukraine[40] At the 2008 Bucharest summit, Ukraine and Georgia sought to join NATO. The response among NATO members was divided; Western European countries opposed offering Membership Action Plans (MAP) in order to avoid antagonising Russia, while US President George W. Bush pushed for their admission.[41] NATO ultimately refused to offer Ukraine and Georgia MAPs, but also issued a statement agreeing that "these countries will become members of NATO". Putin voiced strong opposition to Georgia and Ukraine's NATO membership bids.[42] By January 2022, the possibility of Ukraine joining NATO remained remote.[43] Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and pro-Russian unrest Main articles: Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine In 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to again run for president in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election,[44] which he subsequently won.[45] In November 2013, a wave of large, pro-European Union (EU) protests erupted in response to Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. The Ukrainian parliament had overwhelmingly approved of finalizing the agreement with the EU,[46] and Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject it.[47] Following months of protests as part of the Euromaidan movement, on 21 February 2014 Yanukovych and the leaders of the parliamentary opposition signed a settlement agreement that called for early elections. The following day, Yanukovych fled from the capital ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[48][49][50][51] On 23 February, the parliament adopted a bill to repeal the 2012 law which gave Russian language an official status.[52] The bill was not enacted,[53] however, the proposal provoked negative reactions in the Russian-speaking regions of Ukraine,[54] intensified by Russian media saying that the ethnic Russian population was in imminent danger.[55] On 27 February, an interim government was established and early presidential elections were scheduled. The following day, Yanukovych resurfaced in Russia and in a press conference declared that he remained the acting president of Ukraine, just as Russia was beginning its overt military campaign in Crimea. Leaders of Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[49][56] causing the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. Russian military bases in Crimea Main article: Political status of Crimea At the onset of the conflict, Russia had roughly 12,000 military personnel in the Black Sea Fleet,[55] in several locations in the Crimean peninsula like Sevastopol, Kacha, Hvardiiske, Simferopol Raion, Sarych, and others. In 2005 a dispute broke out over control of the Sarych cape lighthouse near Yalta, and a number of other beacons.[57][58] Russian presence was allowed by the basing and transit agreement with Ukraine. Under the agreements the Russian military in Crimea was constrained to a maximum of 25,000 troops, required to respect the sovereignty of Ukraine, honor its legislation and to not interfere in the internal affairs of the country, and to show their "military identification cards" when crossing the international border.[59] Early in the conflict, the agreement's sizeable troop limit allowed Russia to significantly reinforce its military presence under the plausible guise of security concerns, deploy special forces and other required capabilities to conduct the operation in Crimea.[55] According to the original treaty on the division of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet signed in 1997, Russia was allowed to have its military bases in Crimea until 2017, after which it would evacuate all military units including its portion of the Black Sea Fleet out of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol. On 21 April 2010, former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych signed a new deal known as the Kharkiv Pact, to resolve the 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute; it extended the stay to 2042 with an option to renew.[60] Declaration of military operations Further information: On conducting a special military operation No formal declaration of war has been issued in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War. When the Kremlin announced the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it claimed to commence a "special military operation", side-stepping a formal declaration of war.[61] The statement was, however, regarded as a declaration of war by the Ukrainian government[62] and reported as such by many international news sources.[63][64] While the Ukrainian parliament refers to Russia as a "terrorist state" in regards to its military actions in Ukraine,[65] it has not issued a formal declaration of war on its behalf. History 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The blockade of military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the capture of Crimea by Russia in February–March 2014 Russian troops blocking the Ukrainian military base in Perevalne On 20 February 2014, Russia began an annexation of Crimea.[66][67][68][69] On 22 and 23 February, Russian troops and special forces began moving into Crimea through Novorossiysk.[68] On 27 February, Russian forces without insignias began their advance into the Crimean Peninsula.[70] They took strategic positions and captured the Crimean Parliament, raising a Russian flag. Security checkpoints isolated the Crimean Peninsula from the rest of Ukraine and restricted movement within the territory.[71][72][73][74] In the following days, Russian soldiers secured key airports and a communications center.[75] Russian cyberattacks shut down websites associated with the Ukrainian government, news media, and social media. Cyberattacks also enabled Russian access to the mobile phones of Ukrainian officials and members of parliament, further disrupting communications.[76] On 1 March, the Russian legislature approved the use of armed forces, leading to an influx of Russian troops and military hardware into the peninsula.[75] In the following days, all remaining Ukrainian military bases and installations were surrounded and besieged, including the Southern Naval Base. After Russia formally annexed the peninsula on 18 March, Ukrainian military bases and ships were stormed by Russian forces. On 24 March, Ukraine ordered troops to withdraw; by 30 March, all Ukrainian forces had left the peninsula. On 15 April, the Ukrainian parliament declared Crimea a territory temporarily occupied by Russia.[77] After the annexation, the Russian government increased its military presence in the region and made nuclear threats.[78] Putin said that a Russian military task force would be established in Crimea.[79] In November, NATO stated that it believed Russia was deploying nuclear-capable weapons to Crimea.[80] 2014–2015 War in the Donbas For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014). See also: Combatants of the war in Donbas and List of equipment used by Russian separatist forces of the war in Donbas Pro-Russia unrest Main article: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine The first protests across southern and eastern Ukraine were largely native expressions of discontent with the new Ukrainian government.[81] Russian involvement at this stage was limited to voicing support for the demonstrations.[81][82] Russia exploited this, however, launching a coordinated political and military campaign against Ukraine.[81][83] Putin gave legitimacy to the separatists when he described the Donbas as part of "New Russia" (Novorossiya), and expressed bewilderment as to how the region had ever become part of Ukraine.[84] In late March, Russia continued to gather forces near the Ukrainian eastern border, reaching 30–40,000 troops by April.[85][55] The deployment was used to threaten escalation and disrupt Ukraine's response.[55] This threat forced Ukraine to divert forces to its borders instead of the conflict zone.[55] Ukrainian authorities cracked down on the pro-Russian protests and arrested local separatist leaders in early March. Those leaders were replaced by people with ties to the Russian security services and interests in Russian businesses.[86] By April 2014, Russian citizens had taken control of the separatist movement, supported by volunteers and materiel from Russia, including Chechen and Cossack fighters.[87][88][89][90] According to Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) commander Igor Girkin, without this support in April, the movement would have dissipated, as it had in Kharkiv and Odesa.[91] A disputed referendum on the status of Donetsk Oblast was held on 11 May.[92][93][94] Armed conflict The Russian military buildup along Ukraine's eastern border in February–March 2014 The Donbas status referendums in May 2014 were not officially recognised by the Ukrainian government or any UN member state.[92] In April, armed conflict began in eastern Ukraine between Russian-backed separatist forces and Ukraine. The separatists declared the People's Republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. From 6 April, militants occupied government buildings in many cities and took control of border crossings to Russia, transport hubs, a broadcasting center, and other strategic infrastructure. Faced with continued expansion of separatist territorial control, on 15 April the interim Ukrainian government launched an "Anti-Terrorist Operation" (ATO), however, Ukrainian forces were poorly prepared and ill-positioned and the operation quickly stalled.[95] By the end of April, Ukraine announced it had lost control of the provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk. It claimed to be on "full combat alert" against a possible Russian invasion and reinstated conscription to its armed forces.[96] Through May, the Ukrainian campaign focused on containing the separatists by securing key positions around the ATO zone to position the military for a decisive offensive once Ukraine's national mobilization had completed. As conflict between the separatists and the Ukrainian government escalated in May, Russia began to employ a "hybrid approach", combining disinformation tactics, irregular fighters, regular Russian troops, and conventional military support.[97][98][99] The First Battle of Donetsk Airport followed the Ukrainian presidential elections. It marked a turning point in conflict; it was the first battle between the separatists and the Ukrainian government that involved large numbers of Russian "volunteers".[100][101]: 15 According to Ukraine, at the height of the conflict in the summer of 2014, Russian paramilitaries made up between 15% to 80% of the combatants.[89] From June Russia trickled in arms, armor, and munitions. By the end of July, Ukrainian forces were pushing into cities, to cut off supply routes between the two, isolating Donetsk and attempting to restore control of the Russo-Ukrainian border. By 28 July, the strategic heights of Savur-Mohyla were under Ukrainian control, along with the town of Debaltseve, an important railroad hub.[102] These operational successes of Ukrainian forces threatened the existence of the DPR and LPR statelets, prompting Russian cross-border shelling targeted against Ukrainian troops on their own soil, from mid-July onwards.[citation needed] August 2014 Russian invasion See also: Battle of Ilovaisk June–August 2014 progression map After a series of military defeats and setbacks for the separatists, who united under the banner of "Novorossiya",[103][104] Russia dispatched what it called a "humanitarian convoy" of trucks across the border in mid-August 2014. Ukraine called the move a "direct invasion".[105] Ukraine's National Security and Defence Council reported that convoys were arriving almost daily in November (up to 9 convoys on 30 November) and that their contents were mainly arms and ammunition. Strelkov claimed that in early August, Russian servicemen, supposedly on "vacation" from the army, began to arrive in Donbas.[106] By August 2014, the Ukrainian "Anti-Terrorist Operation" shrank the territory under pro-Russian control, and approached the border.[107] Igor Girkin urged Russian military intervention, and said that the combat inexperience of his irregular forces, along with recruitment difficulties amongst the local population, had caused the setbacks. He stated, "Losing this war on the territory that President Vladimir Putin personally named New Russia would threaten the Kremlin's power and, personally, the power of the president".[108] In response to the deteriorating situation, Russia abandoned its hybrid approach, and began a conventional invasion on 25 August 2014.[107][109] On the following day, the Russian Defence Ministry said these soldiers had crossed the border "by accident".[110][111][112] According to Nikolai Mitrokhin's estimates, by mid-August 2014 during the Battle of Ilovaisk, between 20,000 and 25,000 troops were fighting in the Donbas on the separatist side, and only 40-45% were "locals".[113] On 24 August 2014, Amvrosiivka was occupied by Russian paratroopers,[114] supported by 250 armoured vehicles and artillery pieces.[115] The same day, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko referred to the operation as Ukraine's "Patriotic War of 2014" and a war against external aggression.[116][117] On 25 August, a column of Russian military vehicles was reported to have crossed into Ukraine near Novoazovsk on the Azov sea coast. It appeared headed towards Ukrainian-held Mariupol,[118][119][120][121][122] in an area that had not seen pro-Russian presence for weeks.[123] Russian forces captured Novoazovsk.[124] and Russian soldiers began deporting Ukrainians who did not have an address registered within the town.[125] Pro-Ukrainian anti-war protests took place in Mariupol.[125][126] The UN Security Council called an emergency meeting.[127] Residents of Kyiv with Sich Battalion volunteers on 26 August 2014 The Pskov-based 76th Guards Air Assault Division allegedly entered Ukrainian territory in August and engaged in a skirmish near Luhansk, suffering 80 dead. The Ukrainian Defence Ministry said that they had seized two of the unit's armoured vehicles near Luhansk, and reported destroying another three tanks and two armoured vehicles in other regions.[128][129] The Russian government denied the skirmish took place,[129] but on 18 August, the 76th was awarded the Order of Suvorov, one of Russia's highest awards, by Russian minister of defence Sergey Shoigu for the "successful completion of military missions" and "courage and heroism".[129] The speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament and Russian state television channels acknowledged that Russian soldiers entered Ukraine, but referred to them as "volunteers".[130] A reporter for Novaya Gazeta, an opposition newspaper in Russia, stated that the Russian military leadership paid soldiers to resign their commissions and fight in Ukraine in the early summer of 2014, and then began ordering soldiers into Ukraine.[131] Russian opposition MP Lev Shlosberg made similar statements, although he said combatants from his country are "regular Russian troops", disguised as units of the DPR and LPR.[132] In early September 2014, Russian state-owned television channels reported on the funerals of Russian soldiers who had died in Ukraine, but described them as "volunteers" fighting for the "Russian world". Valentina Matviyenko, a top United Russia politician, also praised "volunteers" fighting in "our fraternal nation".[130] Russian state television for the first time showed the funeral of a soldier killed fighting in Ukraine.[133] Mariupol offensive and first Minsk ceasefire Main articles: Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014) and Minsk agreements A map of the line of control and buffer zone established by the Minsk Protocol on 5 September 2014 On 3 September, Poroshenko said he and Putin had reached a "permanent ceasefire" agreement.[134] Russia denied this, denying that it was a party to the conflict, adding that "they only discussed how to settle the conflict".[135][136] Poroshenko then recanted.[137][138] On 5 September Russia's Permanent OSCE Representative Andrey Kelin, said that it was natural that pro-Russian separatists "are going to liberate" Mariupol. Ukrainian forces stated that Russian intelligence groups had been spotted in the area. Kelin said 'there might be volunteers over there.'[139] On 4 September 2014, a NATO officer said that several thousand regular Russian forces operating in Ukraine.[140] On 5 September 2014, the Minsk Protocol ceasefire agreement drew a line of demarcation between Ukraine and separatist-controlled portions of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts. End of 2014 and Minsk II agreements See also: 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine On 7 and 12 November, NATO officials reconfirmed the Russian presence, citing 32 tanks, 16 howitzer cannons and 30 trucks of troops entering the country.[141] US general Philip M. Breedlove said "Russian tanks, Russian artillery, Russian air defence systems and Russian combat troops" had been sighted.[80][142] NATO said it had seen an increase in Russian tanks, artillery pieces and other heavy military equipment in Ukraine and renewed its call for Moscow to withdraw its forces.[143] The Chicago Council on Global Affairs stated that Russian separatists enjoyed technical advantages over the Ukrainian army since the large inflow of advanced military systems in mid-2014: effective anti-aircraft weapons ("Buk", MANPADS) suppressed Ukrainian air strikes, Russian drones provided intelligence, and Russian secure communications system disrupted Ukrainian communications intelligence. The Russian side employed electronic warfare systems that Ukraine lacked. Similar conclusions about the technical advantage of the Russian separatists were voiced by the Conflict Studies Research Centre.[144] In the 12 November United Nations Security Council meeting, the United Kingdom's representative accused Russia of intentionally constraining OSCE observation missions' capabilities, pointing out that the observers were allowed to monitor only two kilometers of border, and drones deployed to extend their capabilities were jammed or shot down.[145][non-primary source needed] Pro-Russian rebels in Donetsk in May 2015. Ukraine declared the Russian-backed separatist republics from eastern Ukraine to be terrorist organizations.[146] In January 2014, Donetsk, Luhansk, and Mariupol represented the three battle fronts.[147] Poroshenko described a dangerous escalation on 21 January amid reports of more than 2,000 additional Russian troops, 200 tanks and armed personnel carriers crossing the border. He abbreviated his visit to the World Economic Forum because of his concerns.[148] A new package of measures to end the conflict, known as Minsk II, was agreed on 15 February 2015.[149] On 18 February, Ukrainian forces withdrew from Debatlseve, in the last high-intensity battle of the Donbas war until 2022. In September 2015 the United Nations Human Rights Office estimated that 8000 casualties had resulted from the conflict.[150] 2015–2022 frozen conflict Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2015), Timeline of the war in Donbas (2016), and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2017) Between 2015 and 2022, the war settled into a stalemate, with few changes in territorial control. The conflict was marked by artillery duels, special forces operations, and trench warfare. Hostilities never ceased for a substantial period of time, but continued at a low level despite repeated attempts at ceasefire. In the months after the fall of Debaltseve, minor skirmishes continued along the line of contact, but no territorial changes occurred. Both sides began fortifying their position by building networks of trenches, bunkers and tunnels, turning the conflict into static trench warfare.[151][152] The stalemate led to the war being labelled a "frozen conflict".[153] Despite this, the area remained a war zone, with dozens of soldiers and civilians killed each month.[154] Between 2014 and 2022 the start of the conflict there were 29 ceasefires, each intended to remain in force indefinitely. However, none of them stopped the violence.[155][156][157] US and international officials continued to report the active presence of Russian military in eastern Ukraine, including in the Debaltseve area.[158] In 2015, Russian separatist forces were estimated to number around 36,000 troops (compared to 34,000 Ukrainian), of whom 8,500–10,000 were Russian soldiers. Additionally, around 1,000 GRU troops were operating in the area.[159] Another 2015 estimate held that Ukrainian forces outnumbered Russian forces 40,000 to 20,000.[160] In 2017, on average one Ukrainian soldier died in combat every three days,[161] with an estimated 6,000 Russian and 40,000 separatist troops in the region.[162][163] Casualties of the war in Donbas Cases of killed and wounded Russian soldiers were discussed in local Russian media.[164] Recruiting for Donbas was performed openly via veteran and paramilitary organisations. Vladimir Yefimov, leader of one such organisation, explained how the process worked in the Ural area. The organisation recruited mostly army veterans, but also policemen, firefighters etc. with military experience. The cost of equipping one volunteer was estimated at 350,000 rubles (around $6500) plus salary of 60,000 to 240,000 rubles per month.[165] The volunteers were issued a document claiming that their participation was limited to "offering humanitarian help" to avoid Russian mercenary laws. Russia's anti-mercenary legislation defined a mercenary as someone who "takes part [in fighting] with aims counter to the interests of the Russian Federation".[165] The recruits received weapons only after arriving in the conflict zone. Often, Russian troops traveled disguised as Red Cross personnel.[166][167][168][169] Igor Trunov, head of the Russian Red Cross in Moscow, condemned these convoys, saying they complicated humanitarian aid delivery.[170] Russia refused to allow OSCE to expand its mission beyond two border crossings.[171] August 2016 escalation In August 2016, the Ukrainian intelligence service, the SBU, published telephone intercepts from 2014 of Sergey Glazyev (Russian presidential adviser), Konstantin Zatulin, and other people in which they discussed covert funding of pro-Russian activists in Eastern Ukraine, the occupation of administration buildings and other actions that triggered the conflict.[172] As early as February 2014, Glazyev gave direct instructions to various pro-Russian parties on how to take over local administration offices, what to do afterwards, how to formulate demands, and promised support from Russia, including "sending our guys".[173][174][175] Russian-backed separatists in May 2016 On 8 August 2016, Ukraine reported that Russia had increased its military presence along the Crimea demarcation line. Border crossings were closed.[176] On 10 August, FSB claimed it had prevented "Ukrainian terrorist attacks" and that two servicemen were killed in clashes in Armiansk (Crimea), adding that "several" Ukrainian and Russian citizens were detained.[177][178][179] Russia then engaged in a rapid military build-up in Crimea,[180] followed by drills and military movement near the border.[180][181] Poroshenko warned that Russia was preparing for a full-scale invasion.[182][183] 2018 Kerch Strait incident Main article: Kerch Strait incident See also: List of Black Sea incidents involving Russia and Ukraine and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2018) The Kerch Strait incident over the passage between the Black and Azov seas Russia gained de facto control of the Kerch Strait in 2014. In 2017, Ukraine appealed to a court of arbitration over the use of the strait. By 2018 Russia had built a bridge over the strait, limiting the size of ships that could pass through, imposed new regulations, and repeatedly detained Ukrainian vessels.[184] On 25 November 2018, three Ukrainian boats traveling from Odesa to Mariupol were seized by Russian warships; 24 Ukrainian sailors were detained.[185][186] A day later on 26 November 2018, the Ukrainian parliament overwhelmingly backed the imposition of martial law along Ukraine's coastal regions and those bordering Russia.[187] 2019–2020 Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2019) and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2020) From left, Russian President Vladimir Putin, French President Emmanuel Macron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Paris, France, December 2019 More than 110 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in the conflict in 2019.[188] In May 2019, newly elected Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy took office promising to end the war in Donbas.[188] In December 2019, Ukraine and pro-Russian separatists began swapping prisoners of war. Around 200 prisoners were exchanged on 29 December 2019.[189][190][191][192] According to Ukrainian authorities, 50 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in 2020.[193] Since 2019, Russia has issued over 650,000 internal Russian passports to Ukrainians.[194][195] 2021–2022 Russian military buildup around Ukraine Main article: Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2021) and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022) From March to April 2021, Russia commenced a major military build-up near the border, followed by a second build-up between October 2021 to February 2022 in Russia and Belarus.[196] Throughout, the Russian government repeatedly denied it had plans to attack Ukraine.[197][198] In early December 2021, following Russian denials, the US released intelligence of Russian invasion plans, including satellite photographs showing Russian troops and equipment near the border.[199] The intelligence reported a Russian list of key sites and individuals to be killed or neutralized.[200] The US released multiple reports that accurately predicted the invasion plans.[200] Russian accusations and demands Further information: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis and Russian irredentism Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna with NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg at a conference on 10 January 2022 regarding a potential Russian invasion In the months preceding the invasion, Russian officials accused Ukraine of inciting tensions, Russophobia, and repressing Russian speakers. They made multiple security demands of Ukraine, NATO, and other EU countries. On 9 December 2021 Putin said that "Russophobia is a first step towards genocide".[201][202] Putin's claims were dismissed by the international community,[203] and Russian claims of genocide were rejected as baseless.[204][205][206] US paratroopers of 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment depart Italy's Aviano Air Base for Latvia, 23 February 2022. Thousands of US troops were deployed to Eastern Europe amid Russia's military build-up.[207] In a 21 February speech,[208] Putin questioned the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state, repeating an inaccurate claim that "Ukraine never had a tradition of genuine statehood".[209] He incorrectly stated that Vladimir Lenin had created Ukraine, by carving a separate Soviet Republic out of what Putin said was Russian land, that Joseph Stalin extended Ukrainian territory with lands from other eastern European countries following the Second World War, and that Nikita Khrushchev "took Crimea away from Russia for some reason and gave it to Ukraine" in 1954.[23] Putin falsely claimed that Ukrainian society and government were dominated by neo-Nazism, invoking the history of collaboration in German-occupied Ukraine during World War II,[210][211] and echoing an antisemitic conspiracy theory that cast Russian Christians, rather than Jews, as the true victims of Nazi Germany.[212][203] Ukraine does suffer a far-right fringe, including the neo-Nazi linked Azov Battalion and Right Sector.[213][211] Analysts described Putin's rhetoric as greatly exaggerated.[214][210] Zelenskyy, who is Jewish, stated that his grandfather served in the Soviet army fighting against the Nazis;[215] three of his family members died in the Holocaust.[214] A U.S. intelligence assessment map and imagery on Russian military movement nearby the Ukrainian border, as on 3 December 2021. It assessed that Russia had deployed about 70,000 military personnel mostly about 100–200 kilometres (62–124 mi) from the Ukrainian border, with an assessment this could be increased to 175,000 personnel. Published by The Washington Post.[216] During the second build-up, Russia issued demands to the US and NATO, insisting on a legally binding arrangement preventing Ukraine from ever joining NATO, and the removal of multinational forces stationed in NATO's Eastern European member states.[217] These demands were rejected by the US and NATO.[218] The demand for a formal treaty preventing Ukraine from joining NATO was rejected by Western officials as it would contravene the treaty's "open door" policy, although NATO made no efforts to comply with Ukraine's requests to join.[219] Prelude to full invasion Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly from 17 February 2022 onwards.[220] The Ukrainians and the pro-Russian separatists each accused the other of attacks.[221][222] There was a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas, which was considered by Ukraine and its allies to be an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army or create a pretext for invasion.[223][224][225] On 18 February, the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics ordered mandatory emergency evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities,[226][227][228] although observers noted that full evacuations would take months.[229] The Russian government intensified its disinformation campaign, with Russian state media promoting fabricated videos (false flags) on a nearly hourly basis purporting to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russia.[230] Many of the disinformation videos were amateurish, and evidence showed that the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.[230][231][232] Putin's address to the nation on 21 February (English subtitles available) On 21 February at 22:35 (UTC+3),[233] Putin announced that the Russian government would diplomatically recognize the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics.[234] The same evening, Putin directed that Russian troops deploy into Donbas, in what Russia referred to as a "peacekeeping mission".[235][236] On 22 February, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia.[237] In response, Zelenskyy ordered the conscription of army reservists;[238] The following day, Ukraine's parliament proclaimed a 30-day nationwide state of emergency and ordered the mobilisation of all reservists.[239][240][241] Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv.[242] On the night of 23 February,[243] Zelenskyy gave a speech in Russian in which he appealed to the citizens of Russia to prevent war.[244][245] He rejected Russia's claims about neo-Nazis and stated that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas.[246] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on 23 February that the separatist leaders in Donetsk and Luhansk had sent a letter to Putin stating that Ukrainian shelling had caused civilian deaths and appealing for military support.[247] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Ambox current red Americas.svg This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022) For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Animated map of Russia's invasion of Ukraine (click to play animation) The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began on the morning of 24 February,[248] when Putin announced a "special military operation" to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine.[249][250] Minutes later, missiles and airstrikes hit across Ukraine, including Kyiv, shortly followed by a large ground invasion along multiple fronts.[251][252] Zelenskyy declared martial law and a general mobilisation of all male Ukrainian citizens between 18 and 60, who were banned from leaving the country.[253][254] Russian attacks were initially launched on a northern front from Belarus towards Kyiv, a north-eastern front towards Kharkiv, a southern front from Crimea, and a south-eastern front from Luhansk and Donetsk.[255][256] In the northern front, amidst heavy losses and strong Ukrainian resistance surrounding Kyiv, Russia's advance stalled in March, and by April its troops retreated. On 8 April, Russia placed its forces in southern and eastern Ukraine under the command of General Aleksandr Dvornikov, and some units withdrawn from the north were redeployed to the Donbas.[257] On 19 April, Russia launched a renewed attack across a 500 kilometres (300 mi) long front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk.[258] By 13 May, a Ukraine counter-offensive had driven back Russian forces near Kharkiv. By 20 May, Mariupol fell to Russian troops following a prolonged siege of the Azovstal steel works.[259][260] Russian forces continued to bomb both military and civilian targets far from the frontline.[261][262] Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives in the south in August, and in the northeast in September. On 30 September, Russia annexed four oblasts of Ukraine which it had partially conquered during the invasion.[263] This annexation was generally unrecognized and condemned by the countries of the world.[264] After Putin announced that he would begin conscription drawn from the 300,000 citizens with military training and potentially the pool of about 25 million Russians who could be eligible for conscription, one-way tickets out of the country nearly or completely sold out.[265][266] The invasion was internationally condemned as a war of aggression.[267][268] A United Nations General Assembly resolution demanded a full withdrawal of Russian forces, the International Court of Justice ordered Russia to suspend military operations and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed new sanctions, which affected the economies of Russia and the world,[269] and provided humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine.[270] Human rights violations See also: Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas and Russian war crimes § Ukraine The war has been accompanied by violations of human rights. From 2014 to 2021, there were more than 3,000 civilian casualties, with most occurring in 2014 and 2015.[271] The right of movement was impeded for the inhabitants of the conflict zone.[272] Arbitrary detention was practiced by both sides in the first years of the conflict. It decreased after 2016 in government-held areas, while in the separatist-held ones it continued.[273] The investigation into the abuses, including torture, committed by both sides made little progress.[274][275] According to OHCHR the closure of three TV channels amounted to a violation of the freedom of expression.[274] There were cases of conflict-related sexual violence, however OHCHR believes that "there are no grounds to believe that sexual violence has been used for strategic or tactical ends by Government forces or the armed groups in the eastern regions of Ukraine."[276] OHCHR estimates that from 2014 to 2021 around 4,000 detainees were subjected to torture and ill-treatment, approximately 1,500 by government actors and 2,500 by separatist armed groups, and reckons that around 340 of them were also victims of sexual violence.[277] Related issues Gas disputes See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, Nord Stream, Nord Stream 2, and Russia in the European energy sector Major Russian natural gas pipelines to Europe Europe TTF natural gas Until 2014 Ukraine was the main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe, which earned Ukraine about US$3 billion a year in transit fees, making it the country's most lucrative export service.[278] Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes steadily decreased.[278] Following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in February 2014, severe tensions extended to the gas sector.[279][280] The subsequent outbreak of war in the Donbas region forced the suspension of a project to develop Ukraine's own shale gas reserves at the Yuzivska gas field, which had been planned as a way to reduce Ukrainian dependence on Russian gas imports.[281] Eventually, the EU commissioner for energy Günther Oettinger was called in to broker a deal securing supplies to Ukraine and transit to the EU.[282] An explosion damaged a Ukrainian portion of the Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in May 2014. Ukrainian officials blamed Russian terrorists.[283] Another section of the pipeline exploded in the Poltava Oblast on 17 June 2014, one day after Russia limited the supply of gas to Ukrainian customers due to non-payment. Ukraine's Interior Minister Arsen Avakov said the following day that the explosion had been caused by a bomb.[284] Russia planned to completely abandon gas supplies to Europe through Ukraine after 2018.[285][286] Russia's state-owned energy giant Gazprom had already substantially reduced the volumes of gas transited across Ukraine, and expressed its intention to reduce the level further by means of transit-diversification pipelines (Turkish Stream, Nord Stream, etc.).[287] Gazprom and Ukraine agreed to a five-year deal on Russian gas transit to Europe at the end of 2019.[288][289] In 2020, the TurkStream natural gas pipeline running from Russia to Turkey changed the regional gas flows in South-East Europe by diverting the transit through Ukraine and the Trans Balkan Pipeline system.[290][291] In May 2021, the Biden administration waived Trump's CAATSA sanctions on the company behind Russia's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to Germany.[292][293] Ukrainian President Zelenskyy said he was "surprised" and "disappointed" by Joe Biden's decision.[294] In July 2021, the U.S. urged Ukraine not to criticise a forthcoming agreement with Germany over the pipeline.[295][296] In July 2021, Biden and German Chancellor Angela Merkel concluded a deal that the U.S. might trigger sanctions if Russia used Nord Stream as a "political weapon". The deal aimed to prevent Poland and Ukraine from being cut off from Russian gas supplies. Ukraine will get a $50 million loan for green technology until 2024 and Germany will set up a billion dollar fund to promote Ukraine's transition to green energy to compensate for the loss of the gas-transit fees. The contract for transiting Russian gas through Ukraine will be prolonged until 2034, if the Russian government agrees.[297][298][299] In August 2021, Zelenskyy warned that the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline between Russia and Germany was "a dangerous weapon, not only for Ukraine but for the whole of Europe."[300][301] In September 2021, Ukraine's Naftogaz CEO Yuriy Vitrenko accused Russia of using natural gas as a "geopolitical weapon".[302] Vitrenko stated that "A joint statement from the United States and Germany said that if the Kremlin used gas as a weapon, there would be an appropriate response. We are now waiting for the imposition of sanctions on a 100% subsidiary of Gazprom, the operator of Nord Stream 2."[303] Hybrid warfare The Russo-Ukrainian conflict has also included elements of hybrid warfare using non-traditional means. Cyberwarfare has been used by Russia in operations including the Ukraine power grid hack in December 2015 and 2016, which was the first successful cyber attack on a power grid,[304] and the Mass hacker supply-chain attack in June 2017, which the US claimed was the largest known cyber attack.[305] In retaliation, Ukrainian operations have included the Surkov Leaks in October 2016 which released 2,337 e-mails in relation to Russian plans for seizing Crimea from Ukraine and fomenting separatist unrest in Donbas.[306] The Russian information war against Ukraine has been another front of hybrid warfare waged by Russia. A Russian fifth column in Ukraine has also been claimed to exist among the Party of Regions, the Communist Party, the Progressive Socialist Party and the Russian Orthodox Church.[307][308][309] Russian propaganda and disinformation campaigns Main articles: Russian information war against Ukraine, Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era, and Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis Pro-Kremlin TV and radio host Vladimir Solovyov voiced support for his country's invasion of Ukraine.[310] False stories have been used to provoke public outrage during the war. In April 2014, Russian news channels Russia-1 and NTV showed a man saying he was attacked by a fascist Ukrainian gang on one channel and on the other channel saying he was funding the training of right-wing anti-Russia radicals.[311][312] A third segment portrayed the man as a neo-Nazi surgeon.[313] In May 2014, Russia-1 aired a story about Ukrainian atrocities using footage of a 2012 Russian operation in North Caucasus.[314] In the same month, the Russian news network Life presented a 2013 photograph of a wounded child in Syria as a victim of Ukrainian troops who had just retaken Donetsk International Airport.[315] In June 2014, several Russian state news outlets reported that Ukraine was using white phosphorus using 2004 footage of white phosphorus being used by the United States in Iraq.[314] In July 2014, Channel One Russia broadcast an interview with a woman who said that a 3-year-old boy who spoke Russian was crucified by Ukrainian nationalists in a fictitious square in Sloviansk that turned out to be false.[316][317][312][314] In 2022, Russian state media told stories of genocide and mass graves full of ethnic Russians in eastern Ukraine. One set of graves outside Luhansk was dug when intense fighting in 2014 cut off the electricity in the local morgue. Amnesty International investigated 2014 Russian claims of mass graves filled with hundreds of bodies and instead found isolated incidents of extrajudicial executions by both sides.[318][319][320] Russian artist Alexandra Skochilenko was arrested for replacing price tags in supermarkets with anti-war messages.[321] The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to employ information only from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks,[322] and ordered media and schools to describe the war as a "special military operation".[323] On 4 March 2022, Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "fake news" about the Russian military and its operations,[324] leading to some media outlets to stop reporting on Ukraine.[325] Russia's opposition politician Alexei Navalny said the "monstrosity of lies" in the Russian state media "is unimaginable. And, unfortunately, so is its persuasiveness for those who have no access to alternative information."[326] He tweeted that "warmongers" among Russian state media personalities "should be treated as war criminals. From the editors-in-chief to the talk show hosts to the news editors, [they] should be sanctioned now and tried someday."[327] Putin and Russian media have described the government of Ukraine as being led by neo-Nazis persecuting ethnic Russians who are in need of protection by Russia, despite Ukraine's President Zelenskyy being Jewish.[328][329][319] According to journalist Natalia Antonova, "Russia's present-day war of aggression is refashioned by propaganda into a direct continuation of the legacy of the millions of Russian soldiers who died to stop" Nazi Germany in World War II.[330] Ukraine's rejection of the adoption of Russia-initiated General Assembly resolutions on combating the glorification of Nazism, the latest iteration of which is General Assembly Resolution A/C.3/76/L.57/Rev.1 on Combating Glorification of Nazism, Neo-Nazism and other Practices that Contribute to Fueling Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, serve to present Ukraine as a pro-Nazi state, and indeed likely forms the basis for Russia's claims, with the only other state rejecting the adoption of the resolution being the US.[331][332] The Deputy US Representative for ECOSOC describes such resolutions as "thinly veiled attempts to legitimize Russian disinformation campaigns denigrating neighboring nations and promoting the distorted Soviet narrative of much of contemporary European history, using the cynical guise of halting Nazi glorification".[333] NAFO ('North Atlantic Fellas Organization'), a loose cadre of online 'shitposters' vowing to fight Russian disinformation generally identified by cartoon Shiba Inu dogs in social media, gained notoriety after June 2022, in the wake of a Twitter quarrel with Russian diplomat Mikhail Ulyanov.[334] Russia–NATO relations Main article: Russia–NATO relations Russian military aircraft flying over the Baltic and Black Seas often do not indicate their position or communicate with air traffic controllers, thus posing a potential risk to civilian airliners. NATO aircraft scrambled many times in late April 2022 in order to track and intercept these aircraft near alliance airspace. The Russian aircraft intercepted never entered NATO airspace, and the interceptions were conducted in a safe and routine manner.[335] Although Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has characterized the conflict as a proxy war instigated by NATO,[336] he said: "We don't think we're at war with NATO ... Unfortunately, NATO believes it is at war with Russia."[337] British Prime Minister Boris Johnson rejected Lavrov's allegation that NATO is fighting a 'proxy war' in Ukraine.[338] Former CIA director Leon Panetta told the ABC that the U.S. is 'without question' involved in a proxy war with Russia.[339] International reactions See also: Second Cold War Reactions to the Russian annexation of Crimea Main article: International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Ukrainian response Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, Ukraine blocked the North Crimean Canal, which provided 85% of Crimea's drinking and irrigation water.[340] Interim Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov accused Russia of "provoking a conflict" by backing the seizure of the Crimean parliament building and other government offices on the Crimean peninsula. He compared Russia's military actions to the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, when Russian troops occupied parts of the Republic of Georgia and the breakaway enclaves of Abkhazia and South Ossetia were established under the control of Russian-backed administrations. He called on Putin to withdraw Russian troops from Crimea and stated that Ukraine will "preserve its territory" and "defend its independence".[341] On 1 March, he warned, "Military intervention would be the beginning of war and the end of any relations between Ukraine and Russia."[342] On 1 March, Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov placed the Armed Forces of Ukraine on full alert and combat readiness.[343] The Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and IDPs was established by Ukrainian government on 20 April 2016 to manage occupied parts of Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea regions affected by Russian military intervention of 2014.[344] NATO and United States military response Further information: Operation Atlantic Resolve, European Deterrence Initiative, NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, and Russia–NATO relations A U.S. Army convoy in Vilseck, Germany during Operation Atlantic Resolve, NATO's efforts to reassert its military presence in central and eastern Europe that began in April 2014. On 4 March 2014, the United States pledged $1 billion in aid to Ukraine.[345] Russia's actions increased tensions in nearby countries historically within its sphere of influence, particularly the Baltic and Moldova. All have large Russian-speaking populations, and Russian troops are stationed in the breakaway Moldovan territory of Transnistria.[346] Some devoted resources to increasing defensive capabilities,[347] and many requested increased support from the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which they had joined in recent years.[346][347] The conflict "reinvigorated" NATO, which had been created to face the Soviet Union, but had devoted more resources to "expeditionary missions" in recent years.[348] In addition to diplomatic support in its conflict with Russia, the U.S. provided Ukraine with US$1.5 billion in military aid during the 2010s.[349] In 2018 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a provision blocking any training of Azov Battalion of the Ukrainian National Guard by American forces. In previous years, between 2014 and 2017, the U.S. House of Representatives passed amendments banning support of Azov, but due to pressure from the Pentagon, the amendments were quietly lifted.[350][351][352] Financial markets The initial reaction to the escalation of tensions in Crimea caused the Russian and European stock market to tumble.[353] The intervention caused the Swiss franc to climb to a 2-year high against the dollar and 1-year high against the Euro. The Euro and the US dollar both rose, as did the Australian dollar.[354] The Russian stock market declined by more than 10 percent, while the Russian ruble hit all-time lows against the US dollar and the Euro.[355][356][357] The Russian central bank hiked interest rates and intervened in the foreign exchange markets to the tune of $12 billion[clarification needed] to try to stabilize its currency.[354] Prices for wheat and grain rose, with Ukraine being a major exporter of both crops.[358] Later in March 2014, the reaction of the financial markets to the Crimea annexation was surprisingly mellow, with global financial markets rising immediately after the referendum held in Crimea, one explanation being that the sanctions were already priced in following the earlier Russian incursion.[359] Other observers considered that the positive reaction of the global financial markets on Monday 17 March 2014, after the announcement of sanctions against Russia by the EU and the US, revealed that these sanctions were too weak to hurt Russia.[360] In early August 2014, the German DAX was down by 6 percent for the year, and 11 percent since June, over concerns Russia, Germany's 13th biggest trade partner, would retaliate against sanctions.[361] Reactions to the Russian intervention in the Donbas Further information: International reactions to the war in Donbas Peace march in Moscow, 21 September 2014 Pro-Russian supporters in Donetsk, 20 December 2014 Ukrainian public opinion See also: Putin khuylo! A poll of the Ukrainian public, excluding Russian-annexed Crimea, was taken by the International Republican Institute from 12 to 25 September 2014.[362] 89% of those polled opposed 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine. As broken down by region, 78% of those polled from Eastern Ukraine (including Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) opposed said intervention, along with 89% in Southern Ukraine, 93% in Central Ukraine, and 99% in Western Ukraine.[362] As broken down by native language, 79% of Russian speakers and 95% of Ukrainian speakers opposed the intervention. 80% of those polled said the country should remain a unitary country.[362] A poll of the Crimean public in Russian-annexed Crimea was taken by the Ukrainian branch of Germany's biggest market research organization, GfK, on 16–22 January 2015. According to its results: "Eighty-two percent of those polled said they fully supported Crimea's inclusion in Russia, and another 11 percent expressed partial support. Only 4 percent spoke out against it."[363][364][365] A joint poll conducted by Levada and the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology from September to October 2020 found that in the breakaway regions controlled by the DPR/LNR, just over half of the respondents wanted to join Russia (either with or without some autonomous status) while less than one-tenth wanted independence and 12% wanted reintegration into Ukraine. It contrasted with respondents in Kyiv-controlled Donbas, where a vast majority felt the separatist regions should be returned to Ukraine.[366] According to results from Levada in January 2022, roughly 70% of those in the breakaway regions said their territories should become part of the Russian Federation.[367] Russian public opinion See also: 2014 anti-war protests in Russia An August 2014 survey by the Levada Centre reported that only 13% of those Russians polled would support the Russian government in an open war with Ukraine.[368] Street protests against the war in Ukraine arose in Russia. Notable protests first occurred in March[369][370] and large protests occurred in September when "tens of thousands" protested the war in Ukraine with a peace march in downtown Moscow on Sunday, 21 September 2014, "under heavy police supervision".[371] Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine Main article: Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine See also: List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War Ukrainian public opinion Ukrainian refugees in Kraków protest against the war, 6 March 2022 In March 2022, a week after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, 98% of Ukrainians – including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine – said they did not believe that any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia, according to Lord Ashcroft's polls which did not include Crimea and the separatist-controlled part of Donbas. 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavourable view of Russian President Vladimir Putin, with a further 94% saying they had an unfavourable view of the Russian Armed Forces.[372] At the end of 2021, 75% of Ukrainians said they had a positive attitude toward ordinary Russians, while in May 2022, 82% of Ukrainians said they had a negative attitude toward ordinary Russians.[373] Russian public opinion An April 2022 survey by the Levada Centre reported that approximately 74% of the Russians polled supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine, suggesting that Russian public opinion has shifted considerably since 2014.[374] According to some sources, a reason many Russians supported the "special military operation" has to do with the propaganda and disinformation.[375][376] In addition, it has been suggested that some respondents did not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[377][378] At the end of March, a poll conducted in Russia by the Levada Center concluded the following: When asked why they think the military operation is taking place, respondents said it was to protect and defend civilians, ethnic Russians or Russian speakers in Ukraine (43%), to prevent an attack on Russia (25%), to get rid of nationalists and "denazify" Ukraine (21%), and to incorporate Ukraine and/or the Donbas region into Russia (3%)."[379] United States On 28 April 2022, US President Joe Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.[380] On 5 May, Ukraine's Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal announced that Ukraine had received more than $12 billion worth of weapons and financial aid from Western countries since the start of Russia's invasion on 24 February.[381] On 21 May 2022, the United States passed legislation providing $40 billion in new military and humanitarian foreign aid to Ukraine, marking a historically large commitment of funds.[382][383] In August 2022, U.S. defense spending to counter the Russian war effort exceeded the first 5 years of war costs in Afghanistan. The Washington Post reported that new U.S. weapons delivered to the Ukrainian war front suggest a closer combat scenario with more casualties.[384] The United States looks to build "enduring strength in Ukraine" with increased arms shipments and a record-breaking $3 billion military aid package.[384] See also icon Modern history portal icon Politics portal flag Russia portal flag Ukraine portal War portal 2020s commodities boom 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War List of conflicts in Europe List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine List of ongoing armed conflicts List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War List of wars involving Russia List of wars involving Ukraine Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War Modern history of Ukraine New generation warfare Russia under Vladimir Putin Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war Russian military presence in Transnistria Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War Notes For further details, see Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. There remain "some contradictions and inherent problems" regarding the date on which the annexation began.[1] Ukraine claims 20 February 2014 as "the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia", citing the timeframe inscribed on the Russian medal "For the Return of Crimea",[2] and in 2015 the Ukrainian parliament officially designated the date as such.[3] On 20 February 2014, Vladimir Konstantinov who at that time was a chairman of the republican council of Crimea and representing the Party of Regions expressed his thoughts about secession of the region from Ukraine.[4] On 23 February 2014 the Russian ambassador to Ukraine Mikhail Zurabov was recalled to Moscow due to a "worsening of [the] situation in Ukraine". In early March 2015, President Putin stated in a Russian movie about the annexation of Crimea that he ordered the operation to "restore" Crimea to Russia following an all-night emergency meeting on 22–23 February 2014,[1][5] and in 2018 the Russian Foreign Minister claimed that the earlier "start date" on the medal was due to a "technical misunderstanding".[6] Includes 400–500 Russian servicemen (US claim, March 2015)[16] Russian: pоссийско-украинская война, romanized: rossiysko-ukrainskaya voyna; Ukrainian: російсько-українська війна, romanized: rosiisko-ukrainska viina. Many countries have provided various levels of support to Ukraine short of becoming belligerents in the war, while Belarus has provided Russian forces territorial access for the 2022 invasion. References McDermott, Roger N. (2016). "Brothers Disunited: Russia's use of military power in Ukraine". In Black, J.L.; Johns, Michael (eds.). The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, the West and Russia. 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"With NATO and the US in a 'proxy war' with Russia, ex-CIA boss Leon Panetta says Joe Biden's next move is crucial". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. "Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage". Al-Jazeera. 4 January 2017. "Turchynov: Russia starts aggression in Crimea". Kyiv Post. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014. Henderson, Barney (1 March 2014). "Ukraine live: Prime Minister of Ukraine says Russian military invasion would lead to war". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014. Coker, Margaret; Kolyandr, Alexander (1 March 2014). "Ukraine Puts Military on Full Alert After Russian invasion Threat". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 April 2015. (in Ukrainian) The Cabinet decided to create the Ministry of temporarily occupied territories and internally displaced persons, Ukrayinska Pravda (20 April 2016) "U.S. pledges $1 billion in aid to Ukraine". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014. Scislowska; Pablo Gorondi; Karel Janicek; Jovana Gec; Corneliu Rusnac (12 March 2014). "Russian aggression unnerves other neighbours". The Chronicle Herald. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 March 2014. "Russia's Neighbors Want Stronger Defenses After Ukraine Incursion". Global Security Newswire. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014. Gearan, Anne (1 April 2014). "NATO chief recommits to defending Eastern European, Baltic nations". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 April 2014. "How U.S. Military Aid Has Helped Ukraine Since 2014". NPR.org. December 2019. Kheel, Rebecca (27 March 2018). "Congress bans arms to Ukraine militia linked to neo-Nazis". TheHill. "Congress Has Removed a Ban on Funding Neo-Nazis From Its Year-End Spending Bill". The Nation. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020. Sokol, Sam (18 January 2016). "US lifts ban on funding 'neo-Nazi' Ukrainian militia". Jerusalem Post. Wearden, Graeme (3 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis sends stock markets sliding; Russia's MICEX tumbles 11% – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2022. Chua, Ian (3 March 2014). Pullin, Richard (ed.). "Yen holds ground as Ukraine jitters keep risk at bay". Reuters. Retrieved 12 June 2015. "What is Russia doing in Ukraine, and what can West do about it?". CNN. Retrieved 11 April 2015. "Ukraine Crisis Sends Russian Markets, Ruble Plummeting". NBC News. Tim Sullivan (4 March 2014). "Putin: troops to bases; warning shots in Crimea". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Dreibus, Tony (3 March 2014). "Wheat, Corn Prices Surge on Ukraine Crisis". The Wall Street Journal. Jolly, David (17 March 2014). "Markets Worldwide Brush Off Crimea Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2022. Elliott, Larry (17 March 2014). "Market reaction suggests sanctions over Crimea are slap on the wrist for Putin". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2022. "German economy hammered by Russian sanctions". CNBC. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. "IRI Ukraine pre-election poll shows strong opposition to Russian aggression, support for Kyiv Government" (Press release). International Republican Institute. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014. Bershidsky, Leonid (6 February 2015). "One Year Later, Crimeans Prefer Russia". Bloomberg News. Eighty-two percent of those polled said they fully supported Crimea's inclusion in Russia, and another 11 percent expressed partial support. Only 4 percent spoke out against it. Социально-политические настроения жителей Крыма (PDF). GfK Ukraine (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2018. 82% крымчан полностью поддерживают присоединение Крыма к России, 11% – скорее поддерживают, и 4% высказались против этого. Среди тех, кто не поддерживает присоединение Крыма к России, больше половины считают, что присоединение было не полностью законным и его нужно провести в соответствии с международным правом "Poll: 82% of Crimeans support annexation". UNIAN. 4 February 2015. A total of 82% of the population of the Crimea fully support Russia's annexation of the peninsula, according to a poll carried out by the GfK Group research institute in Ukraine, Ukrainian online newspaper Ukrainska Pravda reported on Wednesday. Another 11% of respondents said that they rather support the annexation of Crimea, while 4% were against it. John O'Loughlin; Gwendolyn Sasse; Gerard Toal; Kristin M. Bakke (12 February 2021). "A new survey of the Ukraine-Russia conflict finds deeply divided views in the contested Donbas region". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022. John O'Loughlin; Gwendolyn Sasse; Gerard Toal; Mikhail Minakov (23 February 2022). "Public Opinion in the Divided Donbas: Results of a January 2022 Survey on Both Sides of the Contact Line". Wilson Center. Antonova, Natalia (5 September 2014). "Putin walks a tightrope as evidence mounts of Russians dying in Ukraine". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2014. "Dozens Arrested at Moscow Anti-war Protest". Voice of America. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2020. "Russian anti-war protesters detained in Moscow". Agence France-Presse. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014. Demirjian, Karoun (21 September 2014). "Russian peace march draws tens of thousands in support of Ukraine". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 September 2013. "Ukrainians want to stay and fight, but don't see Russian people as the enemy. A remarkable poll from Kyiv". European Leadership Network. 14 March 2022. "Perception index of the Russian-Ukrainian war: results of a telephone survey conducted on May 19-24, 2022". Kyiv International Institute of Sociology. May 2022. "Russians with Ukrainian Relatives Trust Their TVs More Than Their Family". Newsweek. 12 May 2022. "'Pure Orwell': how Russian state media spins invasion as liberation". The Guardian. 25 February 2022. "Russians in the dark about true state of war amid country's Orwellian media coverage". CNN. 3 April 2022. "In Russia, opinion polls are a political weapon". openDemocracy. 9 March 2022. Yaffa, Joshua (29 March 2022). "Why Do So Many Russians Say They Support the War in Ukraine?". The New Yorker. "Russian Public Accepts Putin's Spin on Ukraine Conflict". Chicago Council on Global Affairs. 12 April 2022. "War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv". Le Monde. 29 April 2022. "Ukraine gets over $12 billion in weapons, financial aid since start of Russian invasion- Ukraine's PM". Reuters. 5 May 2022. Fram, Alan (11 May 2022). "House approves $40B in Ukraine aid, beefing up Biden request". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Pallaro, Bianca; Parlapiano, Alicia (20 May 2022). "Four Ways to Understand the $54 Billion in U.S. Spending on Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. "New weapons for Ukraine suggest preparation for closer combat" washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 22 August 2022. Further reading See also: Bibliography of Ukrainian history and List of Slavic studies journals Bowen, Andrew (2017). "Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine". Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (3–4): 312–343. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550. S2CID 158522112. Bremmer, Ian (1994). "The Politics of Ethnicity: Russians in the New Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies. 46 (2): 261–283. doi:10.1080/09668139408412161. Derix, Steven. Zelensky: Ukraine's President and His Country (2022) excerpt Hagendoorn, A.; Linssen, H.; Tumanov, S. V. (2001). Intergroup Relations in States of the former Soviet Union: The Perception of Russians. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-84169-231-9. Legvold, Robert (2013). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century and the Shadow of the Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6. Marples, David R. ed. 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BoykoLeonid KozharaDmytro TabachnykOleksandr Klymenko vte Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Part of the: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in UkraineRusso-Ukrainian War Main topics TimelineInternational reactionList of military unitsInternational sanctions List of sanctioned individualsList of companies that applied sanctions2014 anti-war protests in RussiaReaction of Russian intelligentsia2014 Crimean status referendumUN General Assembly Resolution 68/262Declaration of IndependenceRepublic of Crimea2014 Constitution of CrimeaPolitical statusCrimean Federal DistrictCrimean speech of Vladimir PutinMedal "For the Return of Crimea"Capture of the Crimean ParliamentCapture of Southern Naval Base2014 Simferopol incident Background History of Crimea1783 annexation by Russian EmpireCrimean People's Republic1921–1945 Crimean ASSR1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars1945–1991 Crimean Oblast1954 transfer of Crimea1991–1992 Crimean ASSRRepublic of Crimea (1992 to 1995)1992 constitution of CrimeaAutonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995)1994–1995 President of Crimea Yuriy Meshkov1994 Budapest Memorandum1997 Partition Treaty1998 Constitution of Crimea2003 Tuzla Island conflict2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia2010 Kharkiv Pact2012 law on languages2013–2014 EuromaidanRevolution of Dignity40th G7 summit Main places Simferopol Simferopol AirportBuilding of the Supreme Council of CrimeaSevastopol Belbek AirportCrimean BridgeDonuzlav Ochakov scuttlingPerevalneArmyanskDzhankoyChonharPort KrymStrilkoveArabat SpitNovofedorivka Pro-Russian Organizations Supreme Council of CrimeaCouncil of Ministers of CrimeaSevastopol City CouncilRussian Armed Forces Black Sea FleetRussian Airborne TroopsLittle green menCrimean BerkutRussian UnityNight WolvesKuban CossacksUkrainian Choice Lead figures (Russia) Vladimir PutinDmitry MedvedevSergey ShoyguVladislav SurkovSergey LavrovValery GerasimovIgor SergunAleksandr VitkoOleg BelaventsevRustam Minnikhanov Lead figures (Crimea) Sergey AksyonovVladimir KonstantinovNatalia PoklonskayaRustam TemirgalievDenis BerezovskySergei YeliseyevAleksei ChalyIgor Besler Pro-Ukrainian Organizations Yatsenyuk governmentParliamentary parties BatkivshchynaSvobodaUDARArmed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground ForcesUkrainian NavyNational Guard of UkraineMejlis of the Crimean Tatar PeopleRight Sector Lead figures (Ukraine) Oleksandr TurchynovArseniy YatsenyukAndriy ParubiyArsen AvakovValentyn NalyvaichenkoIhor TenyukhMykhailo KutsynSerhiy Hayduk Lead figures (Crimea) Mustafa DzhemilevRefat ChubarovAhtem ChiygozSerhiy KunitsynYuliy Mamchur vte War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War General topics Aircraft lossesHumanitarian situationInternational reactionsSanctions Sanctioned peopleOSCE Special Monitoring Mission to UkraineTrilateral Contact Group on UkraineCivil volunteer movementLittle green menAnti-terrorist Operation ZoneCivil–military administrations Timeline 201420152016201720182019202020212022 Battles Siege of SlovianskBattle of KramatorskBattle of MariupolBattles of SievierodonetskBattle of Karlivka1st Battle of Donetsk AirportSiege of the Luhansk Border BaseBattle of Krasnyi LymanZelenopillia rocket attackBattle in Shakhtarsk RaionBattle of HorlivkaBattle of IlovaiskNovosvitlivka refugee convoy attackBattle of NovoazovskMariupol offensive2nd Battle of Donetsk AirportBattle of DebaltseveShyrokyne standoffBattle of MarinkaBattle of SvitlodarskBattle of Avdiivka (2017)Eastern Ukraine offensive Battle of Avdiivka (2022)Siege of MariupolBattle of VolnovakhaBattle of SievierodonetskBattle of Donbas Other events Donbas status referendumsUkrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdownShelling of Donetsk, Russia2014 Russian cross-border shelling of UkraineMH17 shoot-down reactionsUNSC Resolution 2166NATO summit in WalesMinsk ProtocolDonbas general elections2014 G20 Brisbane summitVolnovakha bus attackMariupol rocket attackKramatorsk rocket attackMinsk II ceasefire agreementKharkiv bombingAssassination of Alexander ZakharchenkoDonbas general electionsNo to capitulation! Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed ForcesWagner GroupSeparatist forces List of equipmentArmy of the South-EastRussian Orthodox ArmyVostok BattalionKalmius BrigadeSparta BattalionSomalia BattalionPrizrak BrigadePolitical parties and movements Donetsk RepublicNew Russia PartyCommunist Party of DPRPeace to LuhanshchinaBorotbaAntifascist Committee of UkraineUkrainian ChoiceThe Other Russia of E. V. 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