Michael Jackson Elvis Presley Silbermünze King of Pop Musik Autogramm 5 80er USA

EUR 7,01 1 Gebot 5d 19h 42m 28s, EUR 6,95 Versand, 30-Tag Rücknahmen, eBay-Käuferschutz
Verkäufer: lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3.187) 99.7%, Artikelstandort: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Versand nach: WORLDWIDE, Artikelnummer: 266721681832 Michael Jackson Elvis Presley Silbermünze King of Pop Musik Autogramm 5 80er USA. Thriller 25Bad 25Thriller 40. Taraborrelli 2009, pp. 610–611. Taraborrelli 2009, pp. 496–498. Rozhon, Tracie (November 16, 2000). "Big Deal; An Old Chagall Haunt, Repainted". Retrieved May 31, 2015. Michael Jackson & Elvis The Kings of Music Coin Silver & Gold Plated Commemorative Coin The coin you will receive would not have been removed from its capsule The front has  the image of MJ from "This is it" it also has his autograph, trademark and the words "Micheal Jackson" & "King of Pop" The other side is like a Vinyl Record  In the middle is an image of Elvis Presley  with the words "Elvis Presley" & "King of Rock and Roll". It also has his autograph The coin you will receive will come in air-tight acrylic coin holder which it has never been removed from The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about  1 oz In Excellent Condition Like all my Auctions...Bidding Starts at One Penny!!!! Would make an Excellent Stocking Filler at Christmas! A Beautiful coin and Magnificent Keepsake Souvenir of two Legends Click Here to Check out my other Music Items!     Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 2,000 Satisfied Customers
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Michael Jackson

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).

"King of Pop" redirects here. For other uses, see King of Pop (disambiguation).

Michael Jackson

A photograph of Michael Jackson singing into a microphone

Jackson performing in Vienna, 1988

Born Michael Joseph Jackson

August 29, 1958

Gary, Indiana, US

Died June 25, 2009 (aged 50)

Los Angeles, California, US

Cause of death Acute propofol intoxication

Burial place Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, US

Other names Michael Joe Jackson

Occupations

Singersongwriterdancerrecord producer

Spouses

Lisa Marie Presley

​(m. 1994; div. 1996)​

Debbie Rowe

​(m. 1996; div. 2000)​

Children 3, including Paris

Parents

Joe Jackson (father)

Katherine Jackson (mother)

Family Jackson

Awards Full list

Musical career

Genres

Popsoulrhythm and bluesfunkrockdiscopost-discodance-popnew jack swing

Instrument(s) Vocals

Discography Albums discography

Singles discography

Years active 1964–2009

Labels

SteeltownMotownEpicLegacySonyMJJ Productions

Formerly of The Jackson 5

Website michaeljackson.com

Signature

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Known as the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. During his four-decade career, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture. Jackson influenced artists across many music genres. Through stage and video performances, he popularized complicated street dance moves such as the moonwalk, which he named, as well as the robot.

The eighth child of the Jackson family, Jackson made his public debut in 1964 with his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons). Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records. He became a solo star with his 1979 album Off the Wall. His music videos, including those for "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. He helped propel the success of MTV and continued to innovate with videos for the albums Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995), and Invincible (2001). Thriller became the best-selling album of all time, while Bad was the first album to produce five US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles.[nb 1]

From the late 1980s, Jackson became a figure of controversy and speculation due to his changing appearance, relationships, behavior, and lifestyle. In 1993, he was accused of sexually abusing the child of a family friend. The lawsuit was settled out of civil court; Jackson was not indicted due to lack of evidence. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges. The FBI found no evidence of criminal conduct by Jackson in either case. In 2009, while he was preparing for a series of comeback concerts, This Is It, Jackson died from an overdose of propofol administered by his personal physician, Conrad Murray, who was convicted in 2011 of involuntary manslaughter for his involvement in Jackson's death. His death triggered reactions around the world, creating unprecedented surges of internet traffic and a spike in sales of his music. Jackson's televised memorial service, held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, was estimated to have been viewed by more than 2.5 billion people.

Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 400 million records worldwide.[nb 2] He had 13 Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles (fourth highest of any artist in the Hot 100 era) and was the first artist to have a top-ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades. His honors include 15 Grammy Awards, six Brit Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and 39 Guinness World Records, including the "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time". Jackson's inductions include the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (twice), the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame, the Dance Hall of Fame (making him the only recording artist to be inducted) and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame.

Life and career

Early life and the Jackson 5 (1958–1975)

The single-story house has white walls, two windows, a central white door with a black door frame, and a black roof. In front of the house there is a walkway and multiple colored flowers and memorabilia.

Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, pictured in March 2010

Michael Joseph Jackson[9][10] was born in Gary, Indiana, on August 29, 1958.[11][12] He was the eighth of ten children in the Jackson family, a working-class African-American family living in a two-bedroom house on Jackson Street.[13][14] His mother, Katherine Esther Jackson (née Scruse), played clarinet and piano, had aspired to be a country-and-western performer, and worked part-time at Sears.[15] She was a Jehovah's Witness.[16] His father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, a former boxer, was a crane operator at US Steel and played guitar with a local rhythm and blues band, the Falcons, to supplement the family's income.[17][18] Joe's great-grandfather, July "Jack" Gale, was a US Army scout; family lore held that he was also a Native American medicine man.[19] Michael grew up with three sisters (Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet) and five brothers (Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy).[17] A sixth brother, Marlon's twin Brandon, died shortly after birth.[20]

In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers — a band formed by their father which included Jackie, Tito and Jermaine — as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine.[21][22] Michael said his father told him he had a "fat nose",[23] and physically and emotionally abused him during rehearsals. He recalled that Joe often sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, ready to punish any mistakes.[16][24] Joe acknowledged that he regularly whipped Michael.[25] Katherine said that although whipping came to be considered abuse, it was a common way to discipline children when Michael was growing up.[26][27] Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Marlon denied that their father was abusive and said that the whippings, which had a deeper impact on Michael because he was younger, kept them disciplined and out of trouble.[28] Michael said that during his youth he was lonely and isolated.[29]

Later in 1965, Michael began sharing lead vocals with Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to the Jackson 5.[30] In 1965, the group won a talent show; Michael performed the dance to Robert Parker's 1965 song "Barefootin'" and sang the Temptations' "My Girl".[31] From 1966 to 1968, the Jacksons 5 toured the Midwest; they frequently played at a string of black clubs known as the Chitlin' Circuit as the opening act for artists such as Sam & Dave, the O'Jays, Gladys Knight and Etta James. The Jackson 5 also performed at clubs and cocktail lounges, where striptease shows were featured, and at local auditoriums and high school dances.[32][33] In August 1967, while touring the East Coast, they won a weekly amateur night concert at the Apollo Theater in Harlem.[34]

Michael Jackson (center) as a member of the Jackson 5 in 1972. The group were among the first African American performers to attain a crossover following.[35]

The Jackson 5 recorded several songs for a Gary record label, Steeltown Records; their first single, "Big Boy", was released in 1968.[36] Bobby Taylor of Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers brought the Jackson 5 to Motown after they opened for Taylor at Chicago's Regal Theater in 1968. Taylor produced some of their early Motown recordings, including a version of "Who's Lovin' You".[37] After signing with Motown, the Jackson family relocated to Los Angeles.[38] In 1969, Motown executives decided Diana Ross should introduce the Jackson 5 to the public — partly to bolster her career in television — sending off what was considered Motown's last product of its "production line".[39] The Jackson 5 made their first television appearance in 1969 in the Miss Black America pageant, performing a cover of "It's Your Thing".[40] Rolling Stone later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts" who "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer".[41]

In January 1970, "I Want You Back" became the first Jackson 5 song to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100; it stayed there for four weeks. Three more singles with Motown topped the chart: "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There".[42] In May 1971, the Jackson family moved into a large house at Hayvenhurst, a 2-acre (0.81 ha) estate in Encino, California.[43] During this period, Michael developed from a child performer into a teen idol.[44] Between 1972 and 1975, he released four solo studio albums with Motown: Got to Be There (1972), Ben (1972), Music & Me (1973) and Forever, Michael (1975).[45] "Got to Be There" and "Ben", the title tracks from his first two solo albums, sold well as singles, as did a cover of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".[46]

Michael maintained ties to the Jackson 5.[45] The Jackson 5 were later described as "a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists".[47] They were frustrated by Motown's refusal to allow them creative input.[48] Jackson's performance of their top five single "Dancing Machine" on Soul Train popularized the robot dance.[49]

Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–1981)

The Jackson siblings in 1977, without Jermaine. From left, back row: Jackie, Michael, Tito, Marlon. Middle row: Randy, La Toya, Rebbie. Front row: Janet

The Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975, signing with Epic Records and renaming themselves the Jacksons.[50] Their younger brother Randy joined the band around this time; Jermaine stayed with Motown and pursued a solo career.[51] The Jacksons continued to tour internationally, and released six more albums between 1976 and 1984. Michael, the group's main songwriter during this time, wrote songs such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" (1978), "This Place Hotel" (1980), and "Can You Feel It" (1980).[52]

In 1977, Jackson moved to New York City to star as the Scarecrow in The Wiz, a musical film directed by Sidney Lumet, alongside Diana Ross, Nipsey Russell, and Ted Ross.[53] The film was a box-office failure.[54] Its score was arranged by Quincy Jones,[55] who later produced three of Jackson's solo albums.[56] During his time in New York, Jackson frequented the Studio 54 nightclub, where he heard early hip hop; this influenced his beatboxing on future tracks such as "Working Day and Night".[57] In 1978, Jackson broke his nose during a dance routine. A rhinoplasty led to breathing difficulties that later affected his career. He was referred to Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's operations.[58]

Jackson's fifth solo album, Off the Wall (1979), established him as a solo performer and helped him move from the bubblegum pop of his youth to more complex sounds.[44] It produced four top 10 entries in the US: "Off the Wall", "She's Out of My Life", and the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".[59] The album reached number three on the US Billboard 200 and sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[60] In 1980, Jackson won three American Music Awards for his solo work: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[61][62] He also won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for 1979 with "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[63] In 1981, Jackson was the American Music Awards winner for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.[64] Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.[65] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.[66]

Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–1983)

A sparkly jacket and gloves, displayed inside a transparent vertical tube.

The sequined jacket and white glove worn by Jackson at Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever. British Vogue called Jackson "a fashion pioneer [...] who gave new meaning to moonwalking, immortalised solitary, [and] sparkly gloves".[67]

Jackson recorded with Queen's lead singer Freddie Mercury from 1981 to 1983, recording demos of "State of Shock", "Victory" and "There Must Be More to Life Than This". The recordings were intended for an album of duets but, according to Queen's manager Jim Beach, the relationship soured when Jackson brought a llama into the recording studio,[68] and Jackson was upset by Mercury's drug use.[69] "There Must Be More to Life Than This" was released in 2014.[70] Jackson went on to record "State of Shock" with Mick Jagger for the Jacksons' album Victory (1984).[71]

In 1982, Jackson contributed "Someone in the Dark" to the audiobook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Jackson's sixth album, Thriller, was released in late 1982. It was the bestselling album worldwide in 1983,[72][73] and became the bestselling album of all time in the US[74] and the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 70 million copies.[75][76] It topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to produce seven Billboard Hot 100 top-10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[77]

On March 25, 1983, Jackson reunited with his brothers for Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, an NBC television special. The show aired on May 16 to an estimated audience of 47 million, and featured the Jacksons and other Motown stars.[78] Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean" earned him his first Emmy Award nomination.[79] Wearing a glove decorated with rhinestones,[80] he debuted his moonwalk dance, which Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years earlier, and it became his signature dance in his repertoire.[81] Jackson had originally turned down the invitation to the show, believing he had been doing too much television. But at the request of Motown founder Berry Gordy, he performed in exchange for an opportunity to do a solo performance.[82] Rolling Stone reporter Mikal Gilmore called the performance "extraordinary".[44] Jackson's performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and the Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[83] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times praised the perfect timing and technique involved in the dance.[84] Gordy described being "mesmerized" by the performance.[85]

At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards, Thriller won eight awards, and Jackson won an award for the E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial storybook. Winning eight Grammys in one ceremony is a record he holds with the band Santana.[63] Jackson and Quincy Jones won the award for Producer of the Year (Non-Classical). Thriller won Album of the Year (with Jackson as the album's artist and Jones as its co-producer), and the single won Best Pop Vocal Performance (Male) award for Jackson. "Beat It" won Record of the Year and Best Rock Vocal Performance (Male). "Billie Jean" won two Grammy awards: Best R&B Song and Best R&B Vocal Performance (Male), with Jackson as songwriter and singer respectively.[63]

Thriller won the Grammy for Best Engineered Recording (Non Classical), acknowledging Bruce Swedien for his work on the album.[86] At the 11th Annual American Music Awards, Jackson won another eight awards and became the youngest artist to win the Award of Merit.[87] He also won Favorite Male Artist, Favorite Soul/R&B Artist, and Favorite Pop/Rock Artist. "Beat It" won Favorite Soul/R&B Video, Favorite Pop/Rock Video and Favorite Pop/Rock Single. The album won Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Album.[87][88] Thriller's sales doubled after the release of an extended music video, Michael Jackson's Thriller, which sees Jackson dancing with a horde of zombies.[89][90]

The success transformed Jackson into a dominant force in global pop culture.[90] Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point, with about $2 for every album sold (equivalent to $6 in 2022), and was making record-breaking profits. Dolls modeled after Jackson appeared in stores in May 1984 for $12 each.[91] In the same year, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller, a documentary about the music video, won a Grammy for Best Music Video (Longform).[63] Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too."[91] The New York Times wrote "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".[92]

On May 14, 1984, President Ronald Reagan gave Jackson an award recognizing his support of alcohol and drug abuse charities,[93] and in recognition of his support for the Ad Council's and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Drunk Driving Prevention campaign. Jackson allowed the campaign to use "Beat It" for its public service announcements.[94]

Pepsi incident and other commercial activities (1984–1985)

President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan shortly before presenting Jackson with the award at the White House on May 14, 1984

Jackson inside the White House with the Reagans

In November 1983, Jackson and his brothers partnered with PepsiCo in a $5 million promotional deal that broke records for a celebrity endorsement (equivalent to $14.7 million in 2022). The first Pepsi campaign, which ran in the US from 1983 to 1984 and launched its "New Generation" theme, included tour sponsorship, public relations events, and in-store displays. Jackson helped to create the advertisement, and suggested using his song "Billie Jean", with revised lyrics, as its jingle.[95]

On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi commercial overseen by Phil Dusenberry,[96] a BBDO ad agency executive, and Alan Pottasch, Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. During a simulated concert before a full house of fans, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire, causing second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars and had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.[97]

Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated the $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California; its now-closed Michael Jackson Burn Center was named in his honor.[98][99] Jackson signed a second agreement with Pepsi in the late 1980s for $10 million. The second campaign covered 20 countries and provided financial support for Jackson's Bad album and 1987–88 world tour. Jackson had endorsements and advertising deals with other companies, such as LA Gear, Suzuki, and Sony, but none were as significant as his deals with Pepsi.[95]

The Victory Tour of 1984 headlined the Jacksons and showcased Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. It was the last tour he did with his brothers.[100] Following controversy over the concert's ticket sales, Jackson donated his share of the proceeds, an estimated $3 to 5 million, to charity.[101] During the last concert of the Victory Tour at the Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, Jackson announced his split from the Jacksons during "Shake Your Body".[102]

His charitable work continued with the release of "We Are the World" (1985), co-written with Lionel Richie,[103] which raised money for the poor in the US and Africa.[104] It earned $63 million (equivalent to $171 million in 2022),[104] and became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with 20 million copies sold.[105] It won four Grammy Awards in 1985, including Song of the Year for Jackson and Richie as its writers.[103] The project's creators received two special American Music Awards honors: one for the creation of the song and another for the USA for Africa idea. Jackson, Jones, and promoter Ken Kragen received special awards for their roles in the song's creation.[103][106][107][108]

Jackson signing a "We Are the World" poster in 1985

Jackson collaborated with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s, and learned that McCartney was making $40 million a year from owning the rights to other artists' songs.[104] By 1983, Jackson had begun buying publishing rights to others' songs, but he was careful with his acquisitions, only bidding on a few of the dozens that were offered to him. Jackson's early acquisitions of music catalogs and song copyrights such as the Sly Stone collection included "Everyday People" (1968), Len Barry's "1–2–3" (1965), and Dion DiMucci's "The Wanderer" (1961) and "Runaround Sue" (1961).

In 1984, Robert Holmes à Court announced he was selling the ATV Music Publishing catalog comprising the publishing rights to nearly 4,000 songs, including most of the Beatles' material.[109] In 1981, McCartney had been offered the catalog for £20 million ($40 million).[104][110] Jackson submitted a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.[109] When Jackson and McCartney were unable to make a joint purchase, McCartney did not want to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs, and did not pursue an offer on his own.[111][110] Jackson's agents were unable to come to a deal, and in May 1985 left talks after having spent more than $1 million and four months of due diligence work on the negotiations.[109]

In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Company had made a tentative offer to buy ATV Music for $50 million; in early August, Holmes à Court contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson's increased bid of $47.5 million (equivalent to $129 million in 2022) was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence.[109] Jackson agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[112] His purchase of ATV Music was finalized on August 10, 1985.[104][109]

Increased tabloid speculation (1986–1987)

See also: Health and appearance of Michael Jackson

Jackson's skin had been medium-brown during his youth, but from the mid-1980s gradually grew paler. The change drew widespread media coverage, including speculation that he had been bleaching his skin.[113][114][115] His dermatologist, Arnold Klein, said he observed in 1983 that Jackson had vitiligo,[116] a condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment. He also identified discoid lupus erythematosus in Jackson. He diagnosed Jackson with lupus that year,[116] and with vitiligo in 1986.[117] Vitiligo's drastic effects on the body can cause psychological distress. Jackson used fair-colored makeup,[118] and possibly skin-bleaching prescription creams,[119] to cover up the uneven blotches of color caused by the illness. The creams would depigment the blotches, and, with the application of makeup, he could appear very pale.[120] Jackson said he had not purposely bleached his skin and could not control his vitiligo, adding, "When people make up stories that I don't want to be who I am, it hurts me."[121] He became friends with Klein and Klein's assistant, Debbie Rowe. Rowe later became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his first two children.[122]

In his 1988 autobiography and a 1993 interview, Jackson said he had had two rhinoplasty surgeries and a cleft chin surgery but no more than that. He said he lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet to achieve a dancer's body.[123] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy, and speculated he was suffering from anorexia nervosa. Periods of weight loss became a recurring problem later in his life.[124] After his death, Jackson's mother said that he first turned to cosmetic procedures to remedy his vitiligo, because he did not want to look like a "spotted cow". She said he had received more than the two cosmetic surgeries he claimed and speculated that he had become addicted to them.[125]

In 1986, it was reported that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow aging He denied the story,[126] although it was alleged that Jackson leaked an image of him sleeping in a glass chamber (according to Jackson, this was a promotional shot from an upcoming space opera featuring himself) to The National Enquirer.[127] It was also reported that Jackson took female hormone shots to keep his voice high and facial hair wispy, proposed to Elizabeth Taylor and possibly had a shrine of her, and had cosmetic surgery on his eyes. Jackson's manager Frank DiLeo denied all of them, except for Jackson having a chamber. DiLeo added "I don't know if he sleeps in it. I'm not for it. But Michael thinks it's something that's probably healthy for him. He's a bit of a health fanatic."[128]

When Jackson took his pet chimpanzee Bubbles to tour in Japan, the media portrayed Jackson as an aspiring Disney cartoon character who befriended animals.[129] It was also reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "Elephant Man").[130] In June 1987, the Chicago Tribune reported Jackson's publicist bidding $1 million for the skeleton to the London Hospital Medical College on his behalf. The college maintained the skeleton was not for sale. DiLeo said Jackson had an "absorbing interest" in Merrick, "purely based on his awareness of the ethical, medical and historical significance."[131]

In September 1986, using the oxygen chamber story, the British tabloid The Sun branded Jackson "Wacko Jacko", a name Jackson came to despise.[10][132] The Atlantic noted that the name "Jacko" has racist connotations, as it originates from Jacko Macacco, a monkey used in monkey-baiting matches at the Westminster Pit in the early 1820s, and "Jacko" was used in Cockney slang to refer to monkeys in general.[133]

Jackson worked with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute $30 million 3D film Captain EO, which ran from 1986 at Disneyland and Epcot, and later at Tokyo Disneyland and Euro Disneyland.[134] After having been removed in the late 1990s, it returned to the theme park for several years after Jackson's death.[135] In 1987, Ebony reported that Jackson had disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses.[136] Katherine Jackson said this might have been because some Witnesses strongly opposed the Thriller video,[137] which Michael denounced in a Witness publication in 1984.[138] In 2001, Jackson told an interviewer he was still a Jehovah's Witness.[139]

Bad, autobiography, and Neverland (1987–1990)

Jackson and President George H. W. Bush at the White House on April 5, 1990. It was the second time that Jackson had been honored by a president of the United States.

Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated, with the industry expecting another major success.[140] It became the first album to produce five US number-one singles: "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror", and "Dirty Diana". Another song, "Smooth Criminal", peaked at number seven.[59] Bad won the 1988 Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone".[63][86] Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards in 1989 after Bad generated five number-one singles, became the first album to top the charts in 25 countries and the bestselling album worldwide in 1987 and 1988.[141][142] By 2012, it had sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.[143][144]

The Bad World Tour ran from September 12, 1987, to January 14, 1989.[145] In Japan, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record for a single tour.[146] The 504,000 people who attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium set a new Guinness World Record.[147]

In 1988, Jackson released his autobiography, Moonwalk, with input from Stephen Davis and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.[148] It sold 200,000 copies,[149] and reached the top of the New York Times bestsellers list.[150] Jackson discussed his childhood, the Jackson 5, and the abuse from his father.[151] He attributed his changing facial appearance to three plastic surgeries, puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hairstyle, and stage lighting.[152][123] In June, Jackson was honored with the Grand Vermeil Medal of the City of Paris by the then Mayor of Paris Jacques Chirac during his stay in the city as part of the Bad World Tour.[153][154] In October, Jackson released a film, Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films starring Jackson and Joe Pesci. In the US it was released direct-to-video and became the bestselling video cassette in the country.[155][156] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it as eight times Platinum in the US.[157]

In March 1988, Jackson purchased 2,700 acres (11 km2) of land near Santa Ynez, California, to build a new home, Neverland Ranch, at a cost of $17 million (equivalent to $42 million in 2022).[158] He installed a Ferris wheel, a carousel, a movie theater and a zoo.[158][159][160] A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds.[159] Shortly afterwards, he appeared in the first Western television advertisement in the Soviet Union.[161]

Jackson became known as the "King of Pop", a nickname that Jackson's publicists embraced.[24][162][163] When Elizabeth Taylor presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, she called him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."[164] President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".[165] From 1985 to 1990, Jackson donated $455,000 to the United Negro College Fund,[166] and all profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[167] His rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration won Jackson a second Emmy nomination.[79] Jackson was the bestselling artist of the 1980s.[168]

Dangerous and public social work (1991–1993)

In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million (equivalent to $140 million in 2022), a record-breaking deal,[169] beating Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[170] In 1991, he released his eighth album, Dangerous, co-produced with Teddy Riley.[171] It was certified eight times platinum in the US, and by 2018 had sold 32 million copies worldwide.[172][173] In the US, the first single, "Black or White", was the album's highest-charting song; it was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks and achieved similar chart performances worldwide.[174] The second single, "Remember the Time" peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[175] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was the bestselling album of the year worldwide and "Black or White" the bestselling single of the year worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards.[168] In 1993, he performed "Remember the Time" at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he twisted his ankle during dance rehearsals.[176] In the UK, "Heal the World" made No. 2 on the charts in 1992.[177]

Jackson during the Dangerous World Tour in 1993. Dangerous has been recognized by writers as an influence on contemporary pop and R&B artists.[178]

Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to use the theme park rides, and sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. That July, Jackson published his second book, Dancing the Dream, a collection of poetry. The Dangerous World Tour ran between June 1992 and November 1993 and grossed $100 million (equivalent to $200 million in 2022); Jackson performed for 3.5 million people in 70 concerts, all of which were outside the US.[179] Part of the proceeds went to Heal the World Foundation.[180] Jackson sold the broadcast rights of the tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.[181]

Following the death of HIV/AIDS spokesperson and friend Ryan White, Jackson pleaded with the Clinton administration at Bill Clinton's inaugural gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research[182][183] and performed "Gone Too Soon", a song dedicated to White, and "Heal the World" at the gala.[184] Jackson visited Africa in early 1992; on his first stop in Gabon he was greeted by more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read "Welcome Home Michael",[185] and was awarded an Officer of the National Order of Merit from President Omar Bongo.[186][187] During his trip to Ivory Coast, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief. He thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed documents formalizing his kingship, and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.[185]

In January 1993, Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXVII halftime show in Pasadena, California. The NFL sought a big-name artist to keep ratings high during halftime following dwindling audience figures.[188][189] It was the first Super Bowl whose half-time performance drew greater audience figures than the game. Jackson played "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White", and "Heal the World". Dangerous rose 90 places in the US albums chart after the performance.[113]

Jackson gave a 90-minute interview with Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993. He spoke of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood, and said that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, and stated for the first time that he had vitiligo. After the interview, Dangerous re-entered the US albums chart in the top 10, more than a year after its release.[24][113]

In January 1993, Jackson won three American Music Awards: Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time"), and was the first to win the International Artist Award of Excellence.[190][191] In February, he won the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in Los Angeles.[63] He attended the award ceremony with Brooke Shields.[192] Dangerous was nominated for Best Vocal Performance (for "Black or White"), Best R&B Vocal Performance ("Jam") and Best R&B Song ("Jam"), and Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley won the Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical.[86]

First child sexual abuse accusations and first marriage (1993–1995)

Main article: 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson

In August 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy, Jordan Chandler, and his father, Evan Chandler.[193] Jordan said he and Jackson had engaged in acts of kissing, masturbation and oral sex.[194] While Jordan's mother initially told police that she did not believe Jackson had molested him, her position wavered a few days later.[195][196] Evan was recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, which Jackson used to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father trying to extort money.[196] Jackson's older sister La Toya accused him of being a pedophile;[197] she later retracted this, saying she had been forced into it by her abusive husband.[198]

Police raided Jackson's home in August and found two legal large-format art books featuring young boys playing, running and swimming in various states of undress.[199] Jackson denied knowing of the books' content and claimed if they were there someone had to send them to him and he did not open them.[200] Jordan Chandler gave police a description of Jackson's genitals. A strip search was made, and the jurors felt the description was not a match.[201][202][203] In January 1994, Jackson settled with the Chandlers out of court for a reported total sum of $23 million.[204] The police never pressed criminal charges.[205] Citing a lack of evidence without Jordan's testimony, the state closed its investigation on September 22, 1994.[206]

Jackson had been taking painkillers for his reconstructive scalp surgeries, administered due to the Pepsi commercial accident in 1984, and became dependent on them to cope with the stress of the sexual abuse allegations.[207] On November 12, 1993, Jackson canceled the remainder of the Dangerous World Tour due to health problems, stress from the allegations and painkiller addiction. He thanked his close friend Elizabeth Taylor for support, encouragement and counsel. The end of the tour concluded his sponsorship deal with Pepsi.[208]

In late 1993, Jackson proposed to Lisa Marie Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley, over the phone.[209] They married in La Vega, Dominican Republic, in May 1994 by civil judge Hugo Francisco Álvarez Pérez.[210] The tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a publicity stunt to deflect away from Jackson's sexual abuse allegations and jump-start Presley's career as a singer.[211][210] Their marriage ended little more than a year later, and they separated in December 1995.[212] Presley cited "irreconcilable differences" when filing for divorce the next month and only sought to reclaim her maiden name as her settlement.[211][213] After the divorce, Judge Pérez said, "They lasted longer than I thought they would. I gave them a year. They lasted a year and a half."[210] Presley later said she and Jackson had attempted to reconcile intermittently for four years following their divorce, and that she had traveled the world to be with him.[214]

Jackson composed music for the Sega Genesis video game Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (1994), but left the project around the time the sexual abuse allegations surfaced and went uncredited.[215][216] The Sega Technical Institute director Roger Hector and the Sonic co-creator Naoto Ohshima said that Jackson's involvement was terminated and his music reworked following the allegations.[217][218] However, Jackson's musical director Brad Buxer and other members of Jackson's team said Jackson went uncredited because he was unhappy with how the Genesis replicated his music.[219]

HIStory, second marriage, fatherhood and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1995–1997)

Close-up of a pale skinned Jackson with black hair. He is wearing a black jacket with white designs on it.

Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for the premiere of Michael Jackson's Ghosts

In June 1995, Jackson released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, is a greatest hits album (reissued in 2001 as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I). The second disc, HIStory Continues, contains 13 original songs and two cover versions. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for eight million shipments in the US.[220] It is the bestselling multi-disc album of all time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.[174][221] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.[63] The New York Times reviewed it as "the testimony of a musician whose self-pity now equals his talent".[222]

The first single from HIStory was "Scream/Childhood". "Scream", a duet with Jackson's youngest sister Janet, protests the media's treatment of Jackson during the 1993 child abuse allegations against him. The single reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100,[175] and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[63] The second single, "You Are Not Alone", holds the Guinness world record for the first song to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[223] It received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance" in 1995.[63]

In 1995 the Anti-Defamation League and other groups complained that "Jew me, sue me, everybody do me/ Kick me, kike me, don't you black or white me", the original lyrics of "They Don't Care About Us", were antisemitic. Jackson released a version with revised words.[224]

In late 1995, Jackson was admitted to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance, caused by a stress-related panic attack.[225] In November, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division, creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. He retained ownership of half the company, earning $95 million up front (equivalent to $182 million in 2022) as well as the rights to more songs.[226][227]

"Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995.[177] It became the 87th-bestselling single in the UK.[228] At the 1996 Brit Awards, Jackson's performance of "Earth Song" was disrupted by Pulp singer Jarvis Cocker, who was protesting what Cocker saw as Jackson's "Christ-like" persona. Jackson said the stage invasion was "disgusting and cowardly".[229][230]

In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form, for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[63][231] In July 1996, Jackson performed for Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's fiftieth birthday at Jerudong Park Amphitheater, which was specifically built for that birthday concert.[232] Jackson was reportedly paid $17 million (equivalent to $32 million in 2022).[233] Jackson promoted HIStory with the HIStory World Tour, from September 7, 1996, to October 15, 1997. He performed 82 concerts in five continents, 35 countries and 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, his most attended tour. It grossed $165 million.[145] During the tour, in Sydney, Australia, Jackson married Debbie Rowe, a dermatology assistant, who was six months pregnant with his first child.[234]

Michael Joseph Jackson Jr. (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997. His sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born on April 3, 1998.[235] Jackson and Rowe divorced in 2000, Rowe conceded custody of the children, with an $8 million settlement (equivalent to $14.1 million in 2022).[236] In 2004, after the second child abuse allegations against Jackson, she returned to court to reclaim custody. The suit was settled in 2006.[237]

In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies, making it the best-selling remix album. It reached number one in the UK, as did the single "Blood on the Dance Floor".[238] In the US, the album reached number 24 and was certified platinum.[172]

Label dispute and Invincible (1997–2002)

From October 1997 to September 2001, Jackson worked on his tenth solo album, Invincible, which cost $30 million to record, making it the most expensive album of all time.[239] In June 1999, Jackson joined Luciano Pavarotti for a War Child benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show raised a million dollars for refugees of the Kosovo War, and additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[240] Later that month, Jackson organized a series of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.[241] In 1999, Jackson was presented with the "Outstanding Humanitarian Award" at Bollywood Movie Awards in New York City where he noted Mahatma Gandhi to have been an inspiration for him.[242][243] From August 1999 to 2000, he lived in New York City at 4 East 74th Street.[244] At the turn of the century, Jackson won an American Music Award as Artist of the 1980s.[245] In 2000, Guinness World Records recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other entertainer.[246]

In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark Jackson's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson performed with his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, Destiny's Child, Monica, Liza Minnelli and Slash. The first show was marred by technical lapses, and the crowd booed a speech by Marlon Brando.[247] Almost 30 million people watched the television broadcast of the shows in November.[248] After the September 11 attacks (in which Jackson narrowly avoided death by oversleeping and missing a scheduled meeting at the World Trade Center[249]), Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C., on October 21, 2001. Jackson performed "What More Can I Give" as the finale.[250]

The release of Invincible was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him in the early 2000s, after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits, but clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future. Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[251] Invincible was released on October 30, 2001. It was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and the last album of original material he released in his lifetime.[251] It debuted at number one in 13 countries, and went on to sell eight million copies worldwide, receiving double-platinum certification in the US.[172][252][253]

On January 9, 2002, Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.[254][255] Later that year, an anonymous surrogate mother gave birth to his third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket"[a]), who had been conceived by artificial insemination.[256] On November 20, Jackson briefly held Blanket over the railing of his Berlin hotel room, four stories above ground level, prompting widespread criticism in the media. Jackson apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".[257] On January 22, promoter Marcel Avram filed a breach of contract complaint against Jackson for failing to perform two planned 1999 concerts.[258] In March, a Santa Maria jury ordered Jackson to pay Avram $5.3 million.[259][260] On December 18, 2003, Jackson's attorneys dropped all appeals on the verdict and settled the lawsuit for an undisclosed amount.[261]

On April 24, 2002, Jackson performed at Apollo Theater. The concert was a fundraiser for the Democratic National Committee and former President Bill Clinton.[262] The money collected would be used to encourage citizens to vote. It raised $2.5 million.[263] The concert was called Michael Jackson: Live at the Apollo and was one of Jackson's final on-stage performances.[264]

In July 2002, Jackson called Sony Music chairman Tommy Mottola "a racist, and very, very, very devilish," and someone who exploits black artists for his own gain, at Al Sharpton's National Action Network in Harlem. The accusation prompted Sharpton to form a coalition investigating whether Mottola exploited black artists.[265] Jackson charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[266] Responding to those attacks, Sony issued a statement calling them "ludicrous, spiteful, and hurtful" and defended Mottola as someone who had championed Jackson's career for many years.[265] Sony ultimately refused to renew Jackson's contract and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the US for Invincible.[239]

Documentary, Number Ones, second child abuse allegations and acquittal (2002–2005)

Further information: Trial of Michael Jackson

Jackson in Las Vegas, 2003

Beginning in May 2002, a documentary film crew led by Martin Bashir followed Jackson for several months.[257] The documentary, broadcast in February 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, showed Jackson holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a twelve-year-old boy.[23][267] He said that he saw nothing wrong with having sleepovers with minors and sharing his bed and bedroom with various people, which aroused controversy. He insisted that the sleepovers were not sexual and that his words had been misunderstood.[268][269]

In October 2003, Jackson received the Key to the City of Las Vegas from Mayor Oscar Goodman.[270] On November 18, 2003, Sony released Number Ones, a greatest hits compilation. It was certified five times platinum by the RIAA, and ten times platinum in the UK, for shipments of at least 3 million units.[172][271]

On December 18, 2003, Santa Barbara authorities charged Jackson with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of intoxicating a minor with alcoholic drinks.[272] Jackson denied the allegations and pleaded not guilty.[273] The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted until the end of May. Jackson found the experience stressful and it affected his health. If convicted, he would have faced up to twenty years in prison.[274] On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.[275] FBI files on Jackson, released in 2009, revealed the FBI's role in the 2005 trial and the 1993 allegations, and showed that the FBI found no evidence of criminal conduct on Jackson's behalf.[276][277]

Final years, financial problems, Thriller 25 and This Is It (2005–2009)

Jackson is wearing an overcoat and walking from left to right. His face is obscured by his hair. His son is wearing a mask and a baseball cap. Two men are with them; a third person is holding an umbrella over the Jacksons.

Jackson and his son Blanket in Disneyland Paris, 2006

After the trial, Jackson became reclusive.[278] In June 2005, he moved to Bahrain as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.[279] In early 2006, it was announced that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain startup, Two Seas Records. Nothing came of the deal, and the Two Seas CEO, Guy Holmes, later said it was never finalized.[280][281] Holmes also found that Jackson was on the verge of bankruptcy and was involved in 47 ongoing lawsuits.[279] By September 2006, Jackson was no longer affiliated with Two Seas.[281]

In April 2006, Jackson agreed to use a piece of his ATV catalog stake, then worth about $1 billion, as collateral against his $270 million worth of loans from Bank of America. Bank of America had sold the loans to Fortress Investments, an investment company that buys distressed loans, the year before. As part of the agreement, Fortress Investments provided Jackson a new loan of $300 million with reduced interest payments (equivalent to $440 million in 2022). Sony Music would have the option to buy half of his stake, or about 25% of the catalog, at a set price. Jackson's financial managers had urged him to shed part of his stake to avoid bankruptcy.[227][282] The main house at Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure, while Jackson lived in Bahrain at the hospitality of Abdullah.[283] At least thirty of Jackson's employees had not been paid on time and were owed $306,000 in back wages. Jackson was ordered to pay $100,000 in penalties.[227] Jackson never returned to Neverland after his acquittal.[284]

In mid-2006, Jackson moved to Grouse Lodge, a residential recording studio near Rosemount, County Westmeath, Ireland. There, he began work on a new album with the American producers will.i.am and Rodney Jenkins.[285] That November, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath.[174] On November 15, Jackson briefly joined in on a performance of "We Are the World" at the World Music Awards in London, his last public performance, and accepted the Diamond Award for sales of 100 million records.[174][286] He returned to the US in December, settling in Las Vegas. That month, he attended James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia, where he gave a eulogy calling Brown his greatest inspiration.[287]

A view from above of a large property in a semi-desert. The landscape is pale with clumps of vegetation. The property shows circular structures between the buildings.

An aerial view of part of Jackson's 2,800-acre (11 km2) Neverland Valley Ranch near Los Olivos, California, showing the rides

In 2007, Jackson and Sony bought another music publishing company, Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. The deal gave Jackson the rights to songs by Eminem and Beck, among others.[288][289] In a brief interview, Jackson said he had no regrets about his career despite his problems and "deliberate attempts to hurt [him]".[290] That March, Jackson visited a US Army post in Japan, Camp Zama, to greet more than 3,000 troops and their families.[291][292] As of September, Jackson was still working on his next album, which he never completed.[293]

In 2008, for the 25th anniversary of Thriller, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25, with two remixes released as singles: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008".[294] For Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest hits albums, King of Pop, with different tracklists for different regions.[295] That July, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson had used as collateral for his loans. Fortress sold Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC.[296][297] In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. The deal earned him $35 million.[298] In 2009, Jackson arranged to sell a collection of his memorabilia of more than 1,000 items through Julien's Auction House, but canceled the auction in April.[299]

In March 2009, amid speculation about his finances and health, Jackson announced a series of comeback concerts, This Is It, at a press conference at the O2 Arena.[300] The shows were to be his first major concerts since the HIStory World Tour in 1997. Jackson suggested he would retire after the shows. The initial plan was for ten concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, the president and chief executive of AEG Live, predicted the first ten dates would earn Jackson £50 million.[301]

The London residency was increased to fifty dates after record-breaking ticket sales; more than one million were sold in less than two hours.[302] The concerts were to run from July 13, 2009, to March 6, 2010. Jackson moved to Los Angeles, where he rehearsed in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of the choreographer Kenny Ortega, whom he had worked with during his previous tours. Rehearsals took place at the Forum and the Staples Center owned by AEG.[303] By this point, Jackson's debt had grown to almost $500 million. By the time of his death, he was three or four months behind payments of his home in San Fernando Valley.[304][305] The Independent reported that Jackson planned a string of further ventures designed to recoup his debts, including a world tour, a new album, films, a museum and a casino.[300]

Death

Main article: Death of Michael Jackson

Jackson's Star with flowers and notes on it

Fans placed flowers and notes on Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on the day of his death

On June 25, 2009, less than three weeks before his concert residency was due to begin in London, with all concerts sold out, Jackson died from cardiac arrest, caused by a propofol and benzodiazepine overdose.[306][307] Conrad Murray, his personal physician, had given Jackson various medications to help him sleep at his rented mansion in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles. Paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 pm Pacific time (19:22 UTC) and arrived three minutes later.[308][309] Jackson was not breathing and CPR was performed.[310] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after Jackson's arrival there, but were unsuccessful,[311][312] and Jackson was pronounced dead at 2:26 pm Pacific time (21:26 UTC).[313][314]

Murray had administered propofol, lorazepam, and midazolam;[315] his death was caused by a propofol overdose.[307][312] News of his death spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload,[316] and putting unprecedented strain[317] on services and websites including Google,[318] AOL Instant Messenger,[317] Twitter, and Wikipedia.[318] Overall, web traffic rose by between 11% and 20%.[319][320] MTV and BET aired marathons of Jackson's music videos,[321] and Jackson specials aired on television stations around the world.[322] MTV briefly returned to its original music video format,[11] and aired hours of Jackson's music videos, with live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities.[323]

Memorial service

Main article: Michael Jackson memorial service

A large pink/cream-colored box in front of a stained glass window.

Jackson's unmarked crypt at the end of the Sanctuary of Ascension in the Holly Terrace of the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale

A group of people standing outside a gated area. There are trees, bushes, and grassed areas. A majority of the area the people and in are shadowed by the trees by the gate.

Fans visiting the makeshift memorial set up outside the Neverland Ranch entrance shortly after Jackson's death

Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Over 1.6 million fans applied for tickets to the memorial; the 8,750 recipients were drawn at random, and each received two tickets.[324] The memorial service was one of the most watched events in streaming history,[325] with an estimated US audience of 31.1 million[326] and a worldwide audience of an estimated 2.5 to 3 billion.[327][328]

Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, Jennifer Hudson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the memorial, and Smokey Robinson and Queen Latifah gave eulogies.[329] Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children: "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[330] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter Paris Katherine, speaking publicly for the first time, wept as she addressed the crowd.[331][332] Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.[333] On September 3, 2009, the body of Jackson was entombed at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[334]

Criminal investigation and prosecution of Conrad Murray

Main article: People v. Murray

In August 2009, the Los Angeles County Coroner ruled that Jackson's death was a homicide.[335][336] Law enforcement officials charged Murray with involuntary manslaughter on February 8, 2010.[337] In late 2011, he was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter[338] and held without bail to await sentencing.[339] Murray was sentenced to four years in prison.[340]

Posthumous sales

At the 2009 American Music Awards, Jackson won four posthumous awards, including two for his compilation album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.[341][342] In the year after his death, more than 16.1 million copies of Jackson's albums were sold in the US alone, and 35 million copies were sold worldwide, more than any other artist in 2009.[343][344] He became the first artist to sell one million music downloads in a week, with 2.6 million song downloads. Thriller, Number Ones and The Essential Michael Jackson became the first catalog albums to outsell any new album.[345] Jackson also became the first artist to have four of the top-20 bestselling albums in a single year in the US.[346]

Following the surge in sales, in March 2010, Sony Music signed a $250 million deal (equivalent to $340 million in 2022) with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to Jackson's back catalog until at least 2017; it had been due to expire in 2015. It was the most expensive music contract for a single artist in history.[347][348] They agreed to release ten albums of previously unreleased material and new collections of released work.[347][349] The deal was extended in 2017.[350] That July, a Los Angeles court awarded Quincy Jones $9.4 million of disputed royalty payments for Off the Wall, Thriller, and Bad.[56] In July 2018, Sony/ATV bought the estate's stake in EMI for $287.5 million.[351]

In 2014, Jackson became the first artist to have a top-ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades.[352] The following year, Thriller became the first album to be certified for 30 million shipments by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[7] A year later, it was certified 33× platinum after Soundscan added streams and audio downloads to album certifications.[353][nb 3]

Posthumous releases and productions

The first posthumous Jackson song, "This Is It", co-written in the 1980s with Paul Anka, was released in October 2009. The surviving Jackson brothers reunited to record backing vocals.[355] It was followed by a documentary film about the rehearsals for the canceled This Is It tour, Michael Jackson's This Is It,[356] and a compilation album.[357] Despite a limited two-week engagement, the film became the highest-grossing documentary or concert film ever, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[358] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[359] In late 2010, Sony released the first posthumous album, Michael, and the promotional single "Breaking News". The Jackson collaborator will.i.am expressed disgust, saying that Jackson would not have approved the release.[360]

The video game developer Ubisoft released a music game featuring Jackson for the 2010 holiday season, Michael Jackson: The Experience. It was among the first games to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the motion-detecting camera systems for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.[361] In April 2011, Mohamed Al-Fayed, the chairman of Fulham Football Club, unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club stadium, Craven Cottage.[362] It was moved to the National Football Museum in Manchester in May 2014,[363] and removed from display in March 2019 following renewed sexual assault allegations.[364]

In October 2011, the theater company Cirque du Soleil launched Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour, a $57-million production,[365] in Montreal, with a permanent show resident in Las Vegas.[366] A larger and more theatrical Cirque show, Michael Jackson: One, designed for residency at the Mandalay Bay resort in Las Vegas, opened on May 23, 2013, in a renovated theater.[367][368]

In 2012, in an attempt to end a family dispute, Jackson's brother Jermaine retracted his signature on a public letter criticizing executors of Jackson's estate and his mother's advisors over the legitimacy of his brother's will.[369] T.J. Jackson, the son of Tito Jackson, was given co-guardianship of Michael Jackson's children after false reports of Katherine Jackson going missing.[370] Xscape, an album of unreleased material, was released on May 13, 2014.[371] The lead single, a duet between Jackson and Justin Timberlake, "Love Never Felt So Good", reached number 9 on the US Billboard Hot 100, making Jackson the first artist to have a top-10 single on the chart in five different decades.[372]

Later in 2014, Queen released a duet recorded with Jackson in the 1980s.[70] A compilation album, Scream, was released on September 29, 2017.[373] A jukebox musical, MJ the Musical, premiered on Broadway in 2022.[374] Myles Frost won the 2022 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of Jackson.[375] On November 18, 2022, a 40th-anniversary edition reissue of Thriller was released.[376][377]

A biographical film based on Jackson's life, Michael, was due to enter production through Lionsgate in 2023, but it was put on hold amid the SAG-AFTRA strike.[378] It will be directed by Antoine Fuqua, produced by Graham King and written by John Logan.[379] Jackson will be played by Jaafar Jackson, a son of Jackson's brother Jermaine. Deadline Hollywood reported that the film "will not shy away from the controversies of Jackson's life".[380]

Posthumous child sexual abuse allegations

A smiling Jackson wears a blue baseball cap and a red shirt. On his right are two women. One holds a pen, and one holds a small purse. On his left, a young boy looks off-camera. He is dressed in a red shirt, too. Jackson's hand is on his shoulder.

Jackson and Safechuck (right) in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1988

In 2013, the choreographer Wade Robson filed a lawsuit alleging that Jackson had sexually abused him for seven years, beginning when he was seven years old (1989–1996).[381] In 2014, a case was filed by James Safechuck, alleging sexual abuse over a four-year period from the age of ten (1988–1992).[382][383][384] Both had testified in Jackson's defense during the 1993 allegations; Robson did so again in 2005.[385][386] In 2015, Robson's case against Jackson's estate was dismissed as it had been filed too late. Safechuck's claim was also time-barred.[387]

In 2017, it was ruled that Jackson's corporations could not be held accountable for his alleged past actions.[388][389] The rulings were appealed. On October 20, 2020, Safechuck's lawsuit against Jackson's corporations was again dismissed. The judge ruled that there was no evidence that Safechuck had had a relationship with Jackson's corporation, nor was it proven that there was a special relationship between the two.[390][391][392][393] On April 26, 2021, Robson's case was dismissed because of a lack of supporting evidence that the defendants exercised control over Jackson.[394]

Robson and Safechuck described their allegations against Jackson in graphic detail in the documentary Leaving Neverland, released in March 2019.[395] Radio stations in New Zealand, Canada, the UK and the Netherlands removed Jackson's music from their playlists.[396][397][398] Jackson's family condemned the film as a "public lynching",[399] and the Jackson estate released a statement calling the film a "tabloid character assassination [Jackson] endured in life, and now in death".[400] Close associates of Jackson, such as Corey Feldman, Aaron Carter, Brett Barnes, and Macaulay Culkin, said that Jackson had not molested them.[401][402][403]

Documentaries such as Square One: Michael Jackson, Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary and Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth, presented information countering the claims suggested by Leaving Neverland.[404][405][406] Jackson's album sales increased following the documentary screenings.[407] Billboard senior editor Gail Mitchell said she and a colleague interviewed about thirty music executives who believed Jackson's legacy could withstand the controversy.[408] In late 2019, some New Zealand and Canadian radio stations re-added Jackson's music to their playlists, citing "positive listener survey results".[409][410]

On February 21, 2019, the Jackson estate sued HBO for breaching a non-disparagement clause from a 1992 contract. The suit sought to compel HBO to participate in a non-confidential arbitration that could result in $100 million or more in damages awarded to the estate.[411] HBO said they did not breach a contract and filed an anti-SLAPP motion against the estate. In September 2019, Judge George H. Wu denied HBO's motion to dismiss the case, allowing the Jackson estate to arbitrate.[412] HBO appealed, but in December 2020 the appeals court affirmed Wu's ruling.[413]

In 2020, a state law passed in California which granted plaintiffs in child sex abuse cases an additional period to file lawsuits. In October 2020 and again in April 2021, the Los Angeles County Superior Court ruled that MJJ Productions Inc. and MJJ Ventures Inc. employees were not legally obligated to protect the two men from Jackson. In August 2023, Californias Second District Court of Appeal overturned the ruling, and the case was approved to move forward to trial court.[414]

Legacy

See also: Cultural impact of Michael Jackson and List of Michael Jackson records and achievements

Jackson has been referred to as the "King of Pop" for having transformed the art of music videos and paving the way for modern pop music. For much of Jackson's career, he had an unparalleled worldwide influence over the younger generation.[415] His influence extended beyond the music industry; he impacted dance, led fashion trends, and raised awareness for global affairs.[416] Jackson's music and videos fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster and steered its focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring.[44]

In songs such as "Man in the Mirror", "Black or White", "Heal the World", "Earth Song" and "They Don't Care About Us", Jackson's music emphasized racial integration and environmentalism and protested injustice.[417][418] He is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records.[419][420] Jackson has also appeared on Rolling Stone's lists of the Greatest Singers of All Time.[421][422] He is considered one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century,[423] and his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.[424][425][426]

Trying to trace Michael Jackson's influence on the pop stars that followed him is like trying to trace the influence of oxygen and gravity. So vast, far-reaching and was his impact—particularly in the wake of Thriller's colossal and heretofore unmatched commercial success—that there weren't a whole lot of artists who weren't trying to mimic some of the Jackson formula.

— J. Edward Keyes of Rolling Stone[427]

Danyel Smith, chief content officer of Vibe Media Group and the editor-in-chief of Vibe, described Jackson as "the greatest star".[428] Steve Huey of AllMusic called him "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".[10] BET said Jackson was "quite simply the greatest entertainer of all time" whose "sound, style, movement and legacy continues to inspire artists of all genres".[429]

Jackson's Bad era wax figure at Madame Tussauds, London in 1992

In 1984, Time pop critic Jay Cocks wrote that "Jackson is the biggest thing since the Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever." He described Jackson as a "star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style, and color too."[91] In 2003, The Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson as "extremely important" and a "genius".[430] At Jackson's memorial service on July 7, 2009, Motown founder Berry Gordy called Jackson "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".[431][432] In a June 28, 2009 Baltimore Sun article, Jill Rosen wrote that Jackson's legacy influenced fields including sound, dance, fashion, music videos and celebrity.[433]

Pop critic Robert Christgau wrote that Jackson's work from the 1970s to the early 1990s showed "immense originality, adaptability, and ambition" with "genius beats, hooks, arrangements, and vocals (though not lyrics)", music that "will stand forever as a reproach to the puritanical notion that pop music is slick or shallow and that's the end of it". During the 1990s, as Jackson lost control of his "troubling life", his music suffered and began to shape "an arc not merely of promise fulfilled and outlived, but of something approaching tragedy: a phenomenally ebullient child star tops himself like none before, only to transmute audibly into a lost weirdo".[434] In the 2000s, Christgau wrote: "Jackson's obsession with fame, his grotesque life magnified by his grotesque wealth, are such an offense to rock aesthetes that the fact that he's a great musician is now often forgotten".[435]

Philanthropy and humanitarian work

Main article: Philanthropy of Michael Jackson

Jackson is regarded as a prolific philanthropist and humanitarian.[436][437][438][439] Jackson's early charitable work has been described by The Chronicle of Philanthropy as having "paved the way for the current surge in celebrity philanthropy",[440] and by the Los Angeles Times as having "set the standard for generosity for other entertainers".[436]

By some estimates, he donated over $500 million, not accounting for inflation, to various charities over the course of his life.[436] The total monetary value of Jackson's donations may be substantially higher, since Jackson often gave anonymously and without fanfare. In addition to supporting several charities established by others, in 1992 Jackson established his Heal the World Foundation, to which he donated several million dollars in revenue from his Dangerous World Tour.[441]

Jackson's philanthropic activities went beyond just monetary donations. He also performed at benefit concerts, some of which he arranged. He gifted tickets for his regular concert performances to groups that assist underprivileged children. He visited sick children in hospitals around the world. He opened his own home for visits by underprivileged or sick children and provided special facilities and nurses if the children needed that level of care.

Jackson donated valuable, personal and professional paraphernalia for numerous charity auctions. He received various awards and accolades for his philanthropic work, including two bestowed by presidents of the United States. The vast breadth of Jackson's philanthropic work has earned recognition in the Guinness World Records.[436][442][443]

Artistry

Influences

Jackson was influenced by musicians including James Brown, Little Richard, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis Jr., Gene Kelly,[444] and David Ruffin.[445] Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[446] but Brown was his greatest inspiration; he later said that as a small child, his mother would wake him whenever Brown appeared on television. Jackson described being "mesmerized".[447]

Jackson's vocal technique was influenced by Diana Ross; his use of the oooh interjection from a young age was something Ross had used on many of her songs with the Supremes.[448] She was a mother figure to him, and he often watched her rehearse.[449] He said he had learned a lot from watching how she moved and sang, and that she had encouraged him to have confidence in himself.[450]

Choreographer David Winters, who met Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV special Diana!, said that Jackson watched the musical West Side Story almost every week, and it was his favorite film; he paid tribute to it in "Beat It" and the "Bad" video.[451][452][453]

Vocal style

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed. Between 1971 and 1975, his voice descended from boy soprano to lyric tenor.[454] He was known for his vocal range.[421] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded; Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder, and wrote that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly."[455] By the time of 1982's Thriller, Rolling Stone wrote that Jackson was singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[456]

The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone". When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[457] Of Invincible, Rolling Stone wrote that, at 43, Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[458] Joseph Vogel notes Jackson's ability to use non-verbal sounds to express emotion.[459] Neil McCormick wrote that Jackson's unorthodox singing style "was original and utterly distinctive".[460]

Musicianship

Jackson had no formal music training and could not read or write music notation. He is credited for playing guitar, keyboard, and drums, but was not proficient in them.[461] When composing, he recorded ideas by beatboxing and imitating instruments vocally.[461] Describing the process, he said: "I'll just sing the bass part into the tape recorder. I'll take that bass lick and put the chords of the melody over the bass lick and that's what inspires the melody." The engineer Robert Hoffman recalled that after Jackson came in with a song he had written overnight, Jackson sang every note of every chord to a guitar player. Hoffman also remembered Jackson singing string arrangements part by part into a cassette recorder.[461]

Dance

Jackson danced from a young age as part of the Jackson 5,[462] and incorporated dance extensively in his performances and music videos.[462] According to Sanjoy Roy of The Guardian, Jackson would "flick and retract his limbs like switchblades, or snap out of a tornado spin into a perfectly poised toe-stand".[462] The moonwalk, taught to him by Jeffrey Daniel,[81] was Jackson's signature dance move and one of the most famous of the 20th century.[463] Jackson is credited for coining the name "moonwalk"; the move was previously known as the "backslide".[464][465] His other moves included the robot,[49] crotch grab, and the "anti-gravity" lean of the "Smooth Criminal" video.[462]

Themes and genres

Black and white photo of Jackson holding a microphone and singing.

Jackson during his Bad World Tour in Vienna, June 1988

Jackson explored genres including pop,[10][466] soul,[10][159] rhythm and blues,[466] funk,[467] rock,[466][467] disco,[468] post-disco,[467] dance-pop[469] and new jack swing.[10] Steve Huey of AllMusic wrote that Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.[10] Its tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature", and "The Girl Is Mine",[470][456][471] the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'",[470][456] and the disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[471]

With Off the Wall, Jackson's "vocabulary of grunts, squeals, hiccups, moans, and asides" vividly showed his maturation into an adult, Robert Christgau wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). The album's title track suggested to the critic a parallel between Jackson and Stevie Wonder's "oddball" music personas: "Since childhood his main contact with the real world has been on stage and in bed."[472] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.[456] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[470] In "Billie Jean", Jackson depicts an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered her child,[10] and in "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[456] "Beat It" decried gang violence in a homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.[10][41] He observed that "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.[10]

A black jacket with five round golden medals on its left and right shoulders, a gold band on its left arm sleeve, and two belt straps on the right bottom sleeve. Underneath the jacket is a golden belt, with a round ornament in its center.

Jackson's Bad era jacket on display at the Hollywood Guinness World Records Museum

In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover is seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".[473] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, and "Man in the Mirror" is a ballad of confession and resolution. "Smooth Criminal" is an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[140] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a paradoxical person.[474] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time". It was the first Jackson album in which social ills became a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs. Dangerous contains sexually charged songs such as "In the Closet". The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire. The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith".[457] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[475]

HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[476] In the new jack swing-funk rock tracks "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", and the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs his anger at the media.[477] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments his "fall from grace"; "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are operatic pop songs.[476][477] In "D.S.", Jackson attacks lawyer Thomas W. Sneddon Jr., who had prosecuted him in both child sexual abuse cases; he describes Sneddon as a white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive".[478] Invincible includes urban soul tracks such as "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn", and "Butterflies", and mixes hip hop, pop, and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".[479][480]

Music videos and choreography

A man is singing into a microphone under a spotlight. He wears a blue open-neck shirt over a white T-shirt, and dark pants. There are two colorfully-dressed men on either side of him.

Jackson (center) performing a dance sequence of "The Way You Make Me Feel" at the Bad World Tour in 1988

Jackson released "Thriller", a 14-minute music video directed by John Landis, in 1983.[481] The zombie-themed video "defined music videos and broke racial barriers" on MTV, which had launched two years earlier.[44] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[482] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", which led to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, and helped other black music artists gain recognition.[483] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped the relatively new channel's viewing figures, and MTV's focus shifted toward pop and R&B.[483][484] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage shows, making it acceptable for artists to lip-sync to music video on stage.[485] The choreography in Thriller has been copied in Indian films and prisons in the Philippines.[486] Thriller marked an increase in scale for music videos, and was named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[223]

In "Bad"'s 19-minute video—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson used sexual imagery and choreography, and touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Winfrey in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he said it was spontaneously compelled by the music. Time magazine described the "Bad" video as "infamous". It featured Wesley Snipes; Jackson's later videos often featured famous cameo roles.[487][488] For the "Smooth Criminal" video, Jackson experimented with leaning forward at a 45 degree angle, beyond the performer's center of gravity. To accomplish this live, Jackson and designers developed a special shoe to lock the performer's feet to the stage, allowing them to lean forward. They were granted U.S. Patent 5,255,452 for the device.[489] The video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, but in 1989 was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards[490] and won a Golden Lion Award for its special effects. It won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[63]

He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988; in 2001 the award was renamed in his honor.[491] The "Black or White" video simultaneously premiered on November 14, 1991, in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest audience ever for a music video at the time.[174] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton, and George Wendt. It helped introduce morphing to music videos.[492] It was controversial for scenes in which Jackson rubs his crotch, vandalizes cars, and throws a garbage can through a storefront. He apologized and removed the final scene of the video.[163]

"In the Closet" featured Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson.[493] "Remember the Time" was set in ancient Egypt, and featured Eddie Murphy, Iman, and Magic Johnson.[494] The video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, gained a record 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations, and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[495] The song and its video are Jackson's response to being accused of child molestation in 1993.[496] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form. It has been reported as the most expensive music video ever made, at $7 million;[497] Romanek has contradicted this.[498] The "Earth Song" video was nominated for the 1997 Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[499]

Michael Jackson's Ghosts, a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston, premiered at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival. At over 38 minutes long, it held the Guinness world record for the longest music video until 2013, when it was eclipsed by the video for the Pharrell Williams song "Happy".[500] The 2001 video for "You Rock My World" lasts over 13 minutes, was directed by Paul Hunter, and features Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando.[501] It won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video in 2002.[502]

In December 2009, the Library of Congress selected "Thriller" as the only music video to be preserved in the National Film Registry, as a work of "enduring importance to American culture".[503][504] Huey wrote that Jackson transformed the music video into an artform and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameos, while breaking down racial barriers.[10]

Honors and awards

See also: List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson

The Thriller platinum certified record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood. As of 2017, it is certified 33× platinum.[353]

Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists in history,[505] with sales estimated by various sources up to 400 million – 1 billion.[506][Note 2] He had 13 number-one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era.[507] He was invited and honored by a president of the United States at the White House three times. In 1984, he was honored with a "Presidential Public Safety Commendation" award by Ronald Reagan for his humanitarian endeavors.[508] In 1990, he was honored as the "Artist of the Decade" by George H. W. Bush.[509] In 1992, he was honored as a "Point of Light Ambassador" by Bush for inviting disadvantaged children to his Neverland Ranch.[510]

Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him one of the most-awarded artists in popular music.[511] His awards include 39 Guinness World Records, including the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time,[419][420] 13 Grammy Awards,[512] as well as the Grammy Legend Award[513] and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award,[514] and 26 American Music Awards, including the Artist of the Century and Artist of the 1980s.[245] He also received the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[515] Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as a member of the Jacksons, and in 1984 as a solo artist. He was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Vocal Group Hall of Fame as a member of the Jackson 5 in 1997 and 1999,[516] respectively, and again as a solo artist in 2001.[517] In 2002, he was added to the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[518] In 2010, he was the first recording artist to be inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame,[519] and in 2014, he was posthumously inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame.[520] In 2021, he was among the inaugural inductees into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.[521]

In 1988, Fisk University honored him with an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.[522] In 1992, he was invested as a titular king of Sanwi, a traditional kingdom located in the south-east of Ivory Coast.[523] In July 2009, the Lunar Republic Society named a crater on the Moon after Jackson.[524] In August, for what would have been Jackson's 51st birthday, Google dedicated their Google Doodle to him.[525] In 2012, the extinct hermit crab Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni was named in his honor.[526] In 2014, the British Council of Cultural Relations deemed Jackson's life one of the 80 most important cultural moments of the 20th century.[527] World Vitiligo Day has been celebrated on June 25, the anniversary of Jackson's death, to raise awareness of the auto-immune disorder that Jackson suffered from.[528]

Earnings

Main article: Estate of Michael Jackson

In 1989, Jackson's annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts were estimated at $125 million.[223] Forbes placed Jackson's annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[529] Estimates of Jackson's net worth during his life range from negative $285 million to positive $350 million for 2002, 2003 and 2007.[530][531] Forbes reported in August 2018 that Jackson's total career pretax earnings in life and death were $4.2 billion.[532][533] Sales of his recordings through Sony's music unit earned him an estimated $300 million in royalties. He may have earned another $400 million from concerts, music publishing (including his share of the Beatles catalog), endorsements, merchandising and music videos.[534]

In 2013, the executors of Jackson's estate filed a petition in the United States Tax Court as a result of a dispute with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) over US federal estate taxes.[535] The executors claim that it was worth about $7 million, the IRS that it was worth over $1.1 billion. In February 2014, the IRS reported that Jackson's estate owed $702 million; $505 million in taxes, and $197 million in penalties.[536] A trial was held from February 6 to 24, 2017.[537] In 2021, the Tax Court issued a ruling in favor of the estate, ruling that the estate's total combined value of the estate was $111.5 million and that the value of Jackson's name and likeness was $4 million (not the $61 million estimated by the IRS's outside expert witness).[538]

In 2016, Forbes estimated annual gross earnings by the Jackson Estate at $825 million, the largest ever recorded for a celebrity, mostly due to the sale of the Sony/ATV catalog.[539] In 2018, the figure was $400 million.[540] It was the eighth year since his death that Jackson's annual earnings were reported to be over $100 million, thus bringing Jackson's postmortem total to $2.4 billion.[541] Forbes has consistently recognized Jackson as one of the top-earning dead celebrities since his death, and placed him at the top spot from 2013 to 2020.[542]

Discography

Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography and Michael Jackson singles discography

See also: The Jackson 5 discography

Got to Be There (1972)

Ben (1972)

Music & Me (1973)

Forever, Michael (1975)

Off the Wall (1979)

Thriller (1982)

Bad (1987)

Dangerous (1991)

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)

Invincible (2001)

Filmography

See also: Michael Jackson videography

The Wiz (1978)

Michael Jackson's Thriller (1983)

Captain EO (1986)

Moonwalker (1988)

Michael Jackson's Ghosts (1997)

Men in Black II (2002)

Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls (2004)

Michael Jackson's This Is It (2009)

Bad 25 (2012)

Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall (2016)

Tours

Main article: List of Michael Jackson concerts

Bad World Tour (1987–1989)

Dangerous World Tour (1992–1993)

HIStory World Tour (1996–1997)

MJ & Friends (1999)

See also

List of dancers

Notes

 "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror", and "Dirty Diana"

 In 2006, Raymone Bain, Jackson's publicist at that time, claimed that Michael Jackson had sold over 750 million units.[1][2] Since 2006, several sources such as Billboard or Reuters claimed that Michael Jackson had sold around 750 million records;[3][4] while others such as MTV or CBS News claimed that his sales were over 750 million albums.[5][6] In 2009, The Wall Street Journal disputed the 750 million figure (if it referred to albums, instead of units).[2] Later, in 2015, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) stated that Michael Jackson had sold 1 billion records worldwide.[7][8]

 In 2018, its US sales record was overtaken by the Eagles' album Greatest Hits 1971–75, with 38× platinum.[354]

 Blanket changed his name to "Bigi" in 2015.

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 Palmer 1995, p. 285.

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 Harrington, Richard (November 24, 1991). "Jackson's 'Dangerous' Departures; Stylistic Shifts Mar His First Album in 4 Years". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012.

 Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson – HIStory – Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Hunter, James (August 10, 1995). "Michael Jackson: HIStory: Past, Present, Future, Book I". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2017.

 "Thomas W. (Tom) Sneddon Jr". National Defense Authorization Act. Archived from the original on June 27, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

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 Gundersen, Edna (August 25, 2005). "Music videos changing places". USA Today. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Robinson, Bryan (February 23, 2005). "Why Are Michael Jackson's Fans So Devoted?". ABC News. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Inglis 2006, pp. 119, 127: "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience."

 "Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller". BBC News. July 26, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Taraborrelli 2009, pp. 370–373.

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 US 5255452, Michael J. Jackson; Michael L. Bush & Dennis Tompkins, "Method and means for creating anti-gravity illusion", issued 1993-10-26

 Campbell 1993, p. 273.

 Anderson, Kyle (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Video Vanguard Award, in MJ's Top MTV Moments". MTV. Retrieved April 14, 2019.

 Campbell 1993, p. 303.

 "Michael Jackson Co-Directs Music Film, 'In the Closet'". Jet. April 27, 1992. p. 56.

 Campbell 1993, pp. 313–314.

 Boepple 1995, p. 52.

 Bark, Ed (June 26, 1995). "Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 06E.

 McIntyre, Hugh (August 24, 2014). "The 5 Most Expensive Music Videos of All Time". Forbes. Retrieved March 23, 2019.

 Gottlieb, Steven (August 28, 2014). ""Scream" Gets Named Most Expensive Video Ever; Director Mark Romanek Disagrees". VideoStatic. Retrieved March 23, 2019.

 Kot, Greg (January 8, 1997). "Pumpkins a Smash Hit with 7 Grammy Nominations". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 14, 2019.

 "Longest music video". Guinness World Records. November 21, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2019.

 Montgomery, James (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Video Co-Stars: From Eddie Murphy to Marlon Brando". MTV. Retrieved March 22, 2010.

 "NAACP Image Award Spotlight Black' Achievements". Jet. Vol. 101, no. 13. March 18, 2002. p. 36. ISSN 0021-5996.

 "Zorro, Nemo, Muppets & More: Wide Variety Tapped for 2009 Film Registry". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Itzkoff, Dave (December 30, 2009). "'Thriller' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Hinckley, David (June 25, 2014). "Michael Jackson remembered 5 years later: How the Daily News covered the tragic story of icon's death". Daily News. New York. Retrieved September 9, 2015.

 Rothman, Michael (August 29, 2013). "Happy 55th Birthday Michael Jackson – His Top 10 Moments". ABC News. Retrieved October 14, 2021.

 "Hot 100 Anniversary: Most No. 1s by Artist". Billboard. August 6, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 "Remarks at a White House Ceremony Marking Progress Made in the Campaign Against Drunk Driving". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. University of Texas at Austin. May 14, 1984. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2020.

 George 2004, pp. 44–45.

 Campbell 1993, p. 321.

 Lewis, Monica (June 14, 2007). "20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma". The Miami Herald. Retrieved March 16, 2013.

 Collett-White, Mike (March 11, 2009). "Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout". Reuters (Press release). Retrieved May 31, 2015.

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 "Lifetime Achievement Award". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

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 "The Vocal Group Hall of Fame: Album Categories 1999 Inductee". The Vocal Group Hall of Fame Foundation. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017.

 Masley, Ed (March 28, 2019). "Stevie Nicks is about to join these 22 men as a two-time Rock and Rock Hall of Fame inductee". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved April 7, 2019.

 Sanneh, Kelefa (June 15, 2002). "Hall of Fame Inducts Songwriters". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2019.

 Keiser, Tom (August 15, 2010). "Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony". The News-Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Yarborough, Chuck (August 19, 2014). "R&B Music Hall of Fame sets big weekend to induct sophomore class featuring Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Marvin Gaye, Norm N. Nite and more". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Ruggieri, Melissa (May 5, 2021). "Black Music Walk of Fame to honor James Brown, OutKast, Usher and others in Atlanta". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved October 22, 2021.

 "Doctorates of Rock". Rolling Stone. July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2019.

 "Sanwi kingdom mourns passing of a prince". France 24. June 29, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2019.

 Leach, Ben (July 9, 2009). "Moon crater named after Michael Jackson". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2016.

 Chivers, Tom (September 28, 2009). "Google's Doodles: 10 of the best including UFOs and Google". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2016.

 Kent State University (January 19, 2012). "Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni: Fossil hermit crab named after Michael Jackson". Phys.org. Retrieved August 4, 2022.

 "80 Moments That Shaped the World" (PDF). British Council. 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2017.

 Harris, John E. (June 24, 2014). "Speaking of Vitiligo..." Vitiligo Clinic & Research Center. Retrieved November 24, 2019.

 Gundersen, Edna (November 24, 2003). "For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin". USA Today. Retrieved March 14, 2010.

 Deutsch, Linda (May 4, 2005). "Forensic accountant tells court Jackson is in financial straits". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.

 Pulley, Brett (November 21, 2003). "Michael Jackson's Ups And Downs". Forbes. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (August 29, 2018). "Michael Jackson at 60: The King of Pop by the Numbers". Forbes. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

 "Stress killed MJ, says ex-publicist". The Times of India. June 27, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 O'Brien, Timothy L (May 14, 2006). "What Happened to the Fortune Michael Jackson Made?". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2013.

 "Estate of Michael J. Jackson, Deceased, John G. Branca, Co-Executor and John McClain, Co-Executor". August 19, 2016. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2016.

 Gottlieb, Jeff (February 7, 2014). "Michael Jackson estate embroiled in tax fight with IRS". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

 "United States Tax Court: Washington, DC 20217". February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.

 Sisario, Ben (May 3, 2021). "Michael Jackson's Estate Is Winner in Tax Judge's Ruling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.

 Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (October 14, 2016). "Michael Jackson's Earnings: $825 Million In 2016". Forbes. Retrieved December 11, 2016.

 Greenburg, Zack O'Malley; Robehmed, Natalie (October 31, 2017). "The Highest-Paid Dead Celebrities of 2018". Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2018.

 Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (October 30, 2019). "The Real Reason Behind Michael Jackson's Earnings Drop". Forbes. Retrieved November 28, 2019.

 Freeman, Abigail. "The Highest-Paid Dead Celebrities 2021". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2022.

Print sources

Boepple, Leanne (1995). "Scream: Space Odyssey, Jackson-Style. (video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video)". TCI: Theatre Crafts International. Theatre Crafts International. 29. ISSN 1063-9497.

Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8.

Bronson, Fred (2003). Billboard's Hottest Hot 100 Hits (3rd ed.). Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7738-0.

Campbell, Lisa D (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7.

Campbell, Lisa D (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 978-0-8283-2003-0.

Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: J". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0-89919-026-X. Retrieved February 27, 2019.

DeMello, Margo (2012). Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-618-8.

George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection (booklet). Sony BMG.

Inglis, Ian (2006). Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4057-8.

Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9.

Knopper, Steve (2016). MJ: The Genius of Michael Jackson. Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4767-3037-0.

Lewis Jones, Jel D. (2005). Michael Jackson, the King of Pop: The Big Picture: the Music! the Man! the Legend! the Interviews: an Anthology. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9749779-0-4.

Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-5118-2.

Palmer, Robert (1995). Rock & Roll: An Unruly History. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-70050-1.

Parameswaran, Radhika (2011). "E-Race-ing Color: Gender and Transnational Visual Economies of Beauty in India". In Sarma Hegde, Radha (ed.). Circuits of Visibility: Gender and Transnational Media Cultures. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9060-1.

Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-31745-5.

Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3683-2.

Tannenbaum, Rob; Marks, Craig (2011). I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-52641-5.

Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009. Grand Central Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-0-446-56474-8.

Vogel, Joseph (2012). Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson. New York: Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-7938-1.

Young, Julie (Fall 2009). "A Hoosier Thriller: Gary, Indiana's Michael Jackson". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 21 (4). Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.

Further reading

Hidalgo, Susan; Weiner, Robert G. (2010). "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (7).

How Michael Jackson Changed Dance History – biography.com

External links

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Michael Jackson

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Michael Jackson

AlbumsSinglesSongsVideographyUnreleased songsAwardsRecords and achievements

Studio albums

Got to Be ThereBenMusic & MeForever, MichaelOff the WallThrillerBadDangerousHIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book IInvincible

Posthumous albums

MichaelXscape

Anniversary reissues

Thriller 25Bad 25Thriller 40

Remix albums

The Original Soul of Michael JacksonBlood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the MixThe Stripped MixesThe Remix Suite

Soundtracks

The WizE.T. the Extra-TerrestrialMichael Jackson's This Is ItImmortal

Compilations

The Best of Michael Jackson18 Greatest HitsOne Day in Your LifeFarewell My Summer LoveLooking Back to YesterdayThe Michael Jackson Mix20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael JacksonLove SongsNumber OnesThe Essential Michael JacksonKing of PopThe Definitive CollectionIconScream

Box sets

AnthologyThe Ultimate CollectionVisionary: The Video SinglesThe Motown YearsThe CollectionHello World: The Motown Solo Collection

Concert tours

Bad World TourDangerous World TourHIStory World TourThis Is It (planned)

Specials

Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, ForeverSuper Bowl XXVII halftime showMJ & FriendsMichael Jackson: 30th Anniversary CelebrationUnited We Stand: What More Can I GiveLive at the Apollo

Video albums

Dangerous: The Short FilmsVideo Greatest Hits – HIStoryHIStory on Film, Volume IINumber OnesThe OneLive in Bucharest: The Dangerous TourMichael Jackson's VisionLive at Wembley July 16, 1988

Films

The WizMichael Jackson's ThrillerCaptain EOMoonwalkerMichael Jackson's GhostsMichael Jackson's Private Home MoviesMichael Jackson's This Is ItMichael Jackson: The Life of an IconBad 25Michael Jackson: The Last Photo ShootMichael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall

Television

Free to Be... You and MeThe Jacksons"Stark Raving Dad" (The Simpsons)Michael Jackson Talks ... to OprahMove Like Michael JacksonLiving with Michael JacksonThe Michael Jackson Interview: The Footage You Were Never Meant To See"The Jeffersons" (South Park)"Michael" (Glee)Michael Jackson's Halloween

Video games

Michael Jackson's MoonwalkerMichael Jackson: The ExperiencePlanet MichaelReady 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2Sonic the Hedgehog 3Space Channel 5Space Channel 5: Part 2Dreamcast Collection

Books

MoonwalkDancing the Dream

Biographical films

The Jacksons: An American Dream (miniseries)Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson StorySearching for Neverland

Stage shows

Thriller – LiveMichael Forever – The Tribute ConcertMichael Jackson: The Immortal World TourMotown: The MusicalMichael Jackson: OneMJ the Musical

Death

Conrad Murray trialMemorial serviceKilling Michael Jackson

Influence

MoonwalkRobotCultural impactPhilanthropyMonuments, memorials and namesakesMichael Jackson Video Vanguard AwardMesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoniThrill the WorldThriller viral videoWorld Vitiligo DaySonic the HedgehogUlalaImpersonatorsMichael Jackson fandomMichael Jackson: On the WallHeal the World Foundation

Related

Jackson familyThe Jackson 5The Jackson 5 discographyThe Jackson 5iveHealth and appearancePersonal relationshipsCover versionsEstate of Michael JacksonThriller jacketFulham F.C. statueMichael Jackson and BubblesMJ Gallery at Ponte 16Behind the Mask"We Had Him"You Are Not AloneMichael Jackson, Inc.HayvenhurstNeverland RanchThriller VillaThe MJCastNorthern SongsSony/ATV Music PublishingBubblesPeter Pan syndromeChild sexual abuse accusations against Michael JacksonTrial of Michael JacksonFBI files on Michael JacksonLeaving NeverlandNeverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson DocumentaryMichael Jackson: Chase the TruthSquare OneMister LonelyWe Are the WorldMind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas ShowNever Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael JacksonRava on the Dance FloorUnity: The Latin Tribute to Michael Jackson"Better on the Other Side""Home""Eat It""Fat"Return of the MoonwalkerSheikh JacksonThe Last Days of Michael JacksonMJ (album)

 Category

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Michael Jackson songs

SinglesSongs

1970s

"Got to Be There""Ain't No Sunshine""I Wanna Be Where You Are""Rockin' Robin""Love Is Here and Now You're Gone""You've Got a Friend""Ben""Everybody's Somebody's Fool""My Girl""Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day""We've Got a Good Thing Going""With a Child's Heart""Morning Glow""All the Things You Are""Happy""Too Young""Doggin' Around""Music and Me""We're Almost There""Just a Little Bit of You""You Can't Win""Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough""Rock with You""Working Day and Night""It's the Falling in Love"

1980s

"Off the Wall""Girlfriend""She's Out of My Life""One Day in Your Life""The Girl Is Mine""Billie Jean""Beat It""Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'""Human Nature""P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)""Thriller""You've Really Got a Hold on Me""Here I Am (Come and Take Me)""Lonely Teardrops""That's What Love Is Made Of""Farewell My Summer Love""Girl You're So Together""I Just Can't Stop Loving You""Bad""The Way You Make Me Feel""Speed Demon""Liberian Girl""Just Good Friends""Another Part of Me""Man in the Mirror""Dirty Diana""Smooth Criminal""Leave Me Alone""Twenty-Five Miles"

1990s

"Black or White""Jam""In the Closet""Remember the Time""Heal the World""Who Is It""Give In to Me""Will You Be There""Gone Too Soon""Dangerous""Come Together""Scream""Childhood""They Don't Care About Us""Stranger in Moscow""This Time Around""Earth Song""D.S.""You Are Not Alone""Tabloid Junkie""HIStory""Smile""Blood on the Dance Floor""Ghosts""Is It Scary""On the Line"

2000s

"Speechless""You Rock My World""Heaven Can Wait""Butterflies""Cry""One More Chance""Cheater""(I Like) The Way You Love Me""Fall Again""This Is It"

2010s

"Hold My Hand""Hollywood Tonight""(I Can't Make It) Another Day""Behind the Mask""Don't Be Messin' 'Round""I'm So Blue""Price of Fame""Love Never Felt So Good""Chicago""Loving You""A Place with No Name""Slave to the Rhythm""Blue Gangsta"

2020s

"She's Trouble"

Other

"We Are the World""Mind Is the Magic""What More Can I Give""We Are the World 25 for Haiti""Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous""Diamonds Are Invincible"

Featured

"Ease on Down the Road""A Brand New Day""Night Time Lover""Papa Was a Rollin' Stone""State of Independence""Muscles""Say Say Say""Somebody's Watching Me""Don't Stand Another Chance""Centipede""Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)""Eaten Alive""Get It""2300 Jackson Street""Do the Bartman""Whatzupwitu""Why""I Need You""We Be Ballin'""Girls, Girls, Girls""All Eyez on Me""All in Your Name""There Must Be More to Life Than This""Low""Don't Matter to Me"

 Category

Awards for Michael Jackson

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American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist

Jim Croce (1974)John Denver (1975)John Denver (1976)Elton John (1977)Barry Manilow (1978)Barry Manilow (1979)Barry Manilow (1980)Kenny Rogers (1981)Kenny Rogers (1982)John Mellencamp / Rick Springfield (1983)Michael Jackson (1984)Lionel Richie (1985)Bruce Springsteen (1986)Lionel Richie (1987)Paul Simon (1988)George Michael (1989)Bobby Brown (1990)Phil Collins (1991)Michael Bolton (1992)Michael Bolton (1993)Eric Clapton (1994)Michael Bolton (1995)Michael Jackson (1996)Eric Clapton (1997)Babyface (1998)Eric Clapton (1999)Will Smith (2000)Kid Rock (2001)Lenny Kravitz (2002)Eminem (2003)Kid Rock (2003)Usher (2004)Will Smith (2005)Sean Paul (2006)Justin Timberlake (2007)Chris Brown (2008)Michael Jackson (2009)Justin Bieber (2010)Bruno Mars (2011)Justin Bieber (2012)Justin Timberlake (2013)Sam Smith (2014)Ed Sheeran (2015)Justin Bieber (2016)Bruno Mars (2017)Post Malone (2018)Khalid (2019)Justin Bieber (2020)Ed Sheeran (2021)Harry Styles (2022)

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American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist

Stevie Wonder (1974)Stevie Wonder (1975)Barry White (1976)Stevie Wonder (1977)Stevie Wonder (1978)Teddy Pendergrass / Lou Rawls (1979)Michael Jackson (1980)Michael Jackson (1981)Stevie Wonder (1982)Lionel Richie (1983)Michael Jackson (1984)Lionel Richie (1985)Stevie Wonder (1986)Lionel Richie (1987)Luther Vandross (1988)George Michael (1989)Luther Vandross (1990)MC Hammer (1991)Luther Vandross (1992)Bobby Brown (1993)Luther Vandross (1994)Babyface (1995)Luther Vandross (1996)Keith Sweat (1997)Babyface (1998)Will Smith (1999)R. Kelly (2000)Brian McKnight (2001)Luther Vandross (2002)Eminem (2003)Luther Vandross (2003)Usher (2004)R. Kelly (2005)Jamie Foxx (2006)Akon (2007)Chris Brown (2008)Michael Jackson (2009)Usher (2010)Usher (2011)Usher (2012)Justin Timberlake (2013)John Legend (2014)The Weeknd (2015)Chris Brown (2016)Bruno Mars (2017)Khalid (2018)Bruno Mars (2019)The Weeknd (2020)The Weeknd (2021)Chris Brown (2022)

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American Music Award of Merit

Bing Crosby (1974)Berry Gordy (1975)Irving Berlin (1976)Johnny Cash (1977)Ella Fitzgerald (1978)Perry Como (1979)Benny Goodman (1980)Chuck Berry (1981)Stevie Wonder (1982)Kenny Rogers (1983)Michael Jackson (1984)Loretta Lynn (1985)Paul McCartney (1986)Elvis Presley (1987)The Beach Boys (1988)Willie Nelson (1989)Neil Diamond (1990)Merle Haggard (1991)James Brown (1992)Bill Graham (1993)Whitney Houston (1994)Prince (1995)Tammy Wynette (1996)Little Richard (1997)Frank Sinatra (1998)Billy Joel (1999)Gloria Estefan (2000)Janet Jackson (2001)Garth Brooks (2002)Alabama (2003)Bon Jovi (2004)Annie Lennox (2008)Sting (2016)

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Billboard Year-End number one albums

1956–1975

1956: Calypso – Harry Belafonte1957: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast1958: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast1959: The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini1960: Music from The Sound of Music – Original Cast1961: Camelot – Original Cast1962: West Side Story – Soundtrack1963: West Side Story – Soundtrack1964: Music from Hello, Dolly! – Original Cast1965: Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack – Soundtrack1966: Whipped Cream & Other Delights – Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass1967: More of the Monkees – The Monkees1968: Are You Experienced – The Jimi Hendrix Experience1969: In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida – Iron Butterfly1970: Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel1971: Jesus Christ Superstar – Soundtrack1972: Harvest – Neil Young1973: The World Is a Ghetto – War1974: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road – Elton John1975: Greatest Hits – Elton John

1976–2000

1976: Frampton Comes Alive! – Peter Frampton1977: Rumours – Fleetwood Mac1978: Saturday Night Fever – Soundtrack1979: 52nd Street – Billy Joel1980: The Wall – Pink Floyd1981: Hi Infidelity – REO Speedwagon1982: Asia – Asia1983: Thriller – Michael Jackson1984: Thriller – Michael Jackson1985: Born in the U.S.A. – Bruce Springsteen1986: Whitney Houston – Whitney Houston1987: Slippery When Wet – Bon Jovi1988: Faith – George Michael1989: Don't Be Cruel – Bobby Brown1990: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson1991: Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey1992: Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks1993: The Bodyguard – Soundtrack1994: The Sign – Ace of Base1995: Cracked Rear View – Hootie & the Blowfish1996: Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette1997: Spice – Spice Girls1998: Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture – James Horner1999: Millennium – Backstreet Boys2000: No Strings Attached – NSYNC

2001–present

2001: 1 – The Beatles2002: The Eminem Show – Eminem2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin' – 50 Cent2004: Confessions – Usher2005: The Massacre – 50 Cent2006: Some Hearts – Carrie Underwood2007: Daughtry – Daughtry2008: As I Am – Alicia Keys2009: Fearless – Taylor Swift2010: I Dreamed a Dream – Susan Boyle2011: 21 – Adele2012: 21 – Adele2013: The 20/20 Experience – Justin Timberlake2014: Frozen – Soundtrack2015: 1989 – Taylor Swift2016: 25 – Adele2017: Damn – Kendrick Lamar2018: Reputation – Taylor Swift2019: When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? – Billie Eilish2020: Hollywood's Bleeding – Post Malone2021: Dangerous: The Double Album – Morgan Wallen2022: Un Verano Sin Ti – Bad Bunny

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Billboard Year-End Top Artist

1981–1999

1981: REO Speedwagon1982: The Go-Go's1983: Michael Jackson1984: Lionel Richie1985: Madonna1986: Whitney Houston1987: Bon Jovi1988: George Michael1989: New Kids on the Block1990: New Kids on the Block1991: Mariah Carey1992: Garth Brooks1993: Garth Brooks1994: Ace of Base1995: TLC1996: Alanis Morissette1997: LeAnn Rimes1998: Usher1999: Backstreet Boys

2000–2019

2000: Destiny's Child2001: Destiny's Child2002: Nelly2003: 50 Cent2004: Usher2005: 50 Cent2006: Chris Brown2007: Akon2008: Chris Brown2009: Taylor Swift2010: Lady Gaga2011: Adele2012: Adele2013: Bruno Mars2014: One Direction2015: Taylor Swift2016: Adele2017: Ed Sheeran2018: Drake2019: Post Malone

2020-present

2020: Post Malone2021: Drake2022: Bad Bunny

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Brit Award for British Album of the Year

1977–2000

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1977)Kings of the Wild Frontier – Adam and the Ants (1982)Memories – Barbra Streisand (1983)Thriller – Michael Jackson (1984)Diamond Life – Sade (1985)No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1986)Brothers in Arms – Dire Straits (1987)...Nothing Like the Sun – Sting (1988)The First of a Million Kisses – Fairground Attraction (1989)The Raw and the Cooked – Fine Young Cannibals (1990)Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 – George Michael (1991)Seal – Seal (1992)Diva – Annie Lennox (1993)Connected – Stereo MC's (1994)Parklife – Blur (1995)(What's the Story) Morning Glory? – Oasis (1996)Everything Must Go – Manic Street Preachers (1997)Urban Hymns – The Verve (1998)This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours – Manic Street Preachers (1999)The Man Who – Travis (2000)

2001–present

Parachutes – Coldplay (2001)No Angel – Dido (2002)A Rush of Blood to the Head – Coldplay (2003)Permission to Land – The Darkness (2004)Hopes and Fears – Keane (2005)X&Y – Coldplay (2006)Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not – Arctic Monkeys (2007)Favourite Worst Nightmare – Arctic Monkeys (2008)Rockferry – Duffy (2009)Lungs – Florence and the Machine (2010)Sigh No More – Mumford & Sons (2011)21 – Adele (2012)Our Version of Events – Emeli Sandé (2013)AM – Arctic Monkeys (2014)x – Ed Sheeran (2015)25 – Adele (2016)Blackstar – David Bowie (2017)Gang Signs & Prayer – Stormzy (2018)A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships – The 1975 (2019)Psychodrama – Dave (2020)Future Nostalgia – Dua Lipa (2021)30 – Adele (2022)Harry's House – Harry Styles (2023)

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Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist

Michael Jackson (1989)Michael Hutchence (1991)Lenny Kravitz (1994)Prince (1995)Prince (1996)Beck (1997)Jon Bon Jovi (1998)Beck (1999)Beck (2000)Eminem (2001)Shaggy (2002)Eminem (2003)Justin Timberlake (2004)Eminem (2005)Kanye West (2006)Justin Timberlake (2007)Kanye West (2008)Kanye West (2009)Jay-Z (2010)CeeLo Green (2011)Bruno Mars (2012)Frank Ocean (2013)Bruno Mars (2014)Pharrell Williams (2015)Justin Bieber (2016)Drake (2017)Kendrick Lamar (2018)Drake (2019)Tyler, the Creator (2020)The Weeknd (2021)

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Brit Award for International Artist

International Artist

Kid Creole and the Coconuts (1983)Michael Jackson (1984)Prince and The Revolution (1985)

International Solo Artist

Bruce Springsteen (1986)Paul Simon (1987)Michael Jackson (1988)Neneh Cherry (1990)Prince (1992)Prince (1993)

International Artist

Billie Eilish (2022)Beyoncé (2023)

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Grammy Award for Album of the Year

1958–1979

The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini (1958)Come Dance with Me! – Frank Sinatra (1959)The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart – Bob Newhart (1960)Judy at Carnegie Hall – Judy Garland (1961)The First Family – Vaughn Meader (1962)The Barbra Streisand Album – Barbra Streisand (1963)Getz/Gilberto – Stan Getz & João Gilberto (1964)September of My Years – Frank Sinatra (1965)A Man and His Music – Frank Sinatra (1966)Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1967)By the Time I Get to Phoenix – Glen Campbell (1968)Blood, Sweat & Tears – Blood, Sweat & Tears (1969)Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel (1970)Tapestry – Carole King (1971)The Concert for Bangladesh – George Harrison & Friends (1972)Innervisions – Stevie Wonder (1973)Fulfillingness' First Finale – Stevie Wonder (1974)Still Crazy After All These Years – Paul Simon (1975)Songs in the Key of Life – Stevie Wonder (1976)Rumours – Fleetwood Mac (1977)Saturday Night Fever – Various Artists (1978)52nd Street – Billy Joel (1979)

1980–1999

Christopher Cross – Christopher Cross (1980)Double Fantasy – John Lennon & Yoko Ono (1981)Toto IV – Toto (1982)Thriller – Michael Jackson (1983)Can't Slow Down – Lionel Richie (1984)No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1985)Graceland – Paul Simon (1986)The Joshua Tree – U2 (1987)Faith – George Michael (1988)Nick of Time – Bonnie Raitt (1989)Back on the Block – Quincy Jones and Various Artists (1990)Unforgettable... with Love – Natalie Cole (1991)Unplugged – Eric Clapton (1992)The Bodyguard – Whitney Houston (1993)MTV Unplugged – Tony Bennett (1994)Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette (1995)Falling into You – Celine Dion (1996)Time Out of Mind – Bob Dylan (1997)The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill – Lauryn Hill (1998)Supernatural – Santana (1999)

2000–2019

Two Against Nature – Steely Dan (2000)O Brother, Where Art Thou? – Various Artists (2001)Come Away with Me – Norah Jones (2002)Speakerboxxx/The Love Below – Outkast (2003)Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles & Various Artists (2004)How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb – U2 (2005)Taking the Long Way – Dixie Chicks (2006)River: The Joni Letters – Herbie Hancock (2007)Raising Sand – Robert Plant & Alison Krauss (2008)Fearless – Taylor Swift (2009)The Suburbs – Arcade Fire (2010)21 – Adele (2011)Babel – Mumford & Sons (2012)Random Access Memories – Daft Punk (2013)Morning Phase – Beck (2014)1989 – Taylor Swift (2015)25 – Adele (2016)24K Magic – Bruno Mars (2017)Golden Hour – Kacey Musgraves (2018)When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? – Billie Eilish (2019)

2020–present

Folklore – Taylor Swift (2020)We Are – Jon Batiste (2021) Harry's House – Harry Styles (2022)

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Grammy Award for Record of the Year

1958−1979

"Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)" by Domenico Modugno (1958)"Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin (1959)"Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith (1960)"Moon River" by Henry Mancini (1961)"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" by Tony Bennett (1962)"Days of Wine and Roses" by Henry Mancini (1963)"The Girl from Ipanema" by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1964)"A Taste of Honey" by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass (1965)"Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra (1966)"Up, Up and Away" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamonte McLemore & Ron Townson) (1967)"Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel & Paul Simon) (1968)"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamonte McLemore & Ron Townson) (1969)"Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel & Paul Simon) (1970)"It's Too Late" by Carole King (1971)"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack (1972)"Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack (1973)"I Honestly Love You" by Olivia Newton-John (1974)"Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille (Daryl Dragon & Toni Tennille) (1975)"This Masquerade" by George Benson (1976)"Hotel California" by Eagles (Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Randy Meisner & Joe Walsh) (1977)"Just the Way You Are" by Billy Joel (1978)"What a Fool Believes" by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter & Patrick Simmons) (1979)

1980−1999

"Sailing" by Christopher Cross (1980)"Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes (1981)"Rosanna" by Toto (David Hungate, Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro & Steve Porcaro) (1982)"Beat It" by Michael Jackson (1983)"What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner (1984)"We Are the World" by USA for Africa (1985)"Higher Love" by Steve Winwood (1986)"Graceland" by Paul Simon (1987)"Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin (1988)"Wind Beneath My Wings" by Bette Midler (1989)"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1990)"Unforgettable" by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1991)"Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton (1992)"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston (1993)"All I Wanna Do" by Sheryl Crow (1994)"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal (1995)"Change the World" by Eric Clapton (1996)"Sunny Came Home" by Shawn Colvin (1997)"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion (1998)"Smooth" by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana & Chester Thompson) featuring Rob Thomas (1999)

2000−2019

"Beautiful Day" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr.) (2000)"Walk On" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr.) (2001)"Don't Know Why" by Norah Jones (2002)"Clocks" by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Phil Harvey & Chris Martin) (2003)"Here We Go Again" by Ray Charles & Norah Jones (2004)"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt & Frank Edwin Wright III) (2005)"Not Ready to Make Nice" by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines & Emily Robison) (2006)"Rehab" by Amy Winehouse (2007)"Please Read the Letter" by Alison Krauss & Robert Plant (2008)"Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill & Nathan Followill) (2009)"Need You Now" by Lady Antebellum (Hillary Scott, Charles Kelley & Dave Haywood) (2010)"Rolling in the Deep" by Adele (2011)"Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2012)"Get Lucky" by Daft Punk (Thomas Bangalter & Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo) featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2013)"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) by Sam Smith (2014)"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2015)"Hello" by Adele (2016)"24K Magic" by Bruno Mars (2017)"This Is America" by Childish Gambino (2019)"Bad Guy" by Billie Eilish (2019)

2020−present

"Everything I Wanted" by Billie Eilish (2020)"Leave the Door Open" by Silk Sonic (2021)"About Damn Time" by Lizzo (2022)

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Grammy Award for Song of the Year

1958−1979

"Nel blu, dipinto di blu (Volare)" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1958)"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1959)"Theme of Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1960)"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1961)"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1962)"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1963)"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1964)"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1965)"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1966)"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1967)"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1968)"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1969)"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1970)"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1971)"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1972)"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1973)"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1974)"Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1975)"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1976)"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1977)"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1978)"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1979)

1980−1999

"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1980)"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1981)"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1982)"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1983)"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1984)"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1985)"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1986)"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1987)"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1988)"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1989)"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1990)"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1991)"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1992)"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1993)"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1994)"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1995)"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1996)"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1997)"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1998)"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (1999)

2000−2019

"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2000)"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2001)"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2002)"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2003)"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2004)"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2005)"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2006)"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2007)"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2008)"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2009)"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2010)"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2011)"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2012)"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2013)"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2014)"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2015)"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2016)"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2017)"This Is America" – Donald Glover, Ludwig Göransson & Jeffery Lamar Williams (songwriters) (2018)"Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish O'Connell & Finneas O'Connell (songwriters) (2019)

2020−present

"I Can't Breathe" – Dernst Emile II, H.E.R. & Tiara Thomas (songwriters) (2020)"Leave the Door Open" – Brandon Anderson, Christopher Brody Brown, Dernst Emile II & Bruno Mars (songwriters) (2021)"Just Like That" – Bonnie Raitt (songwriter) (2022)

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Grammy Award for Best Children's Music Album

1958−1974

"The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)" – Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (1958)Peter and the Wolf – Peter Ustinov (1959)Let's All Sing with The Chipmunks – Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (1960)Prokofiev: Peter and The Wolf – Leonard Bernstein (1961)Saint-Saëns: Carnival of the Animals/Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra – Leonard Bernstein (1962)Bernstein Conducts for Young People – Leonard Bernstein (1963)Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack – Dick Van Dyke & Julie Andrews (1964)Dr. Seuss Presents: "Fox in Sox" and "Green Eggs and Ham" – Marvin Miller (1965)Dr. Seuss Presents - "If I Ran the Zoo" and "Sleep Book" – Marvin Miller (1966)Dr. Seuss: How The Grinch Stole Christmas – Boris Karloff (1967)No Award (1968)Peter, Paul and Mommy – Peter, Paul and Mary (1969)Sesame Street – Joan Cooney & Thomas Z. Shepard (producers) (1970)Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs – Bill Cosby (1971)The Electric Company – Bill Cosby & Rita Moreno (1972)Sesame Street Live! – Joe Raposo (producer) (1973)Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too – Paul Winchell, Sebastian Cabot & Sterling Holloway (1974)

1975−1992

The Little Prince – Richard Burton (1975)Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf / Saint-Saëns: "Carnival of the Animals" – Hermione Gingold & Karl Böhm (1976)Aren't You Glad You're You – Christopher Cerf & Jim Timmens (producers) (1977)The Muppet Show – Jim Henson (producer) (1978)The Muppet Movie – Jim Henson & Paul Williams (producers) (1979)In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record – David Levine & Lucy Simon (producers) (1980)Sesame Country – Jim Henson & Dennis Scott (producers) (1981)In Harmony 2 – David Levine & Lucy Simon (producers) (1982)E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial – Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones (producer) (1983)Where the Sidewalk Ends – Shel Silverstein and Ron Haffkine (producer) (1984)Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird – Jim Henson & Steve Buckingham (producers) (1985)The Alphabet – Jim Henson, Geri Van Rees & Kathryn King (producers) (1986)The Elephant's Child – Bobby McFerrin & Jack Nicholson (1987)Pecos Bill – Robin Williams and Ry Cooder (1988)The Rock-A-Bye Collection, Volume 1 – Tanya Goodman (1989)The Little Mermaid: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack – Alan Menken & Howard Ashman (songwriters) (1990)A Cappella Kids – Clifford "Barney" Robertson (producer) (1991)Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Alan Menken & Howard Ashman (songwriters) (1992)

2011−present

All About Bullies... Big and Small – Gloria Domina, James Cravero, Kevin Mackie, Patrick Robinson & Steve Pullara (producers) (2011)Can You Canoe? – The Okee Dokee Brothers (2012)Throw a Penny in the Wishing Well – Jennifer Gasoi (2013)I Am Malala: How One Girl Stood Up for Education and Changed the World – Neela Vaswani (2014)Home – Tim Kubart (2015)Infinity Plus One – Secret Agent 23 Skidoo (2016)Feel What U Feel – Lisa Loeb (2017)All the Sounds – Lucy Kalantari & The Jazz Cats (2018)Ageless Songs for the Child Archetype – Jon Samson (2019)All the Ladies – Joanie Leeds (2020)A Colorful World − Falu (2021)The Movement – Alphabet Rockers (2022)

From 1993–2010, the category was split into Best Musical Album for Children and Best Spoken Word Album for Children.

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Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance

1950s

"Catch a Falling Star" – Perry Como (1958)Come Dance with Me! – Frank Sinatra (1959)

1960s

"Georgia on My Mind" – Ray Charles / The Genius of Ray Charles – Ray Charles (1960)"Lollipops and Roses" – Jack Jones (1961)"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" – Tony Bennett (1962)"Wives and Lovers" – Jack Jones (1963)"Hello, Dolly!" – Louis Armstrong (1964)"It Was a Very Good Year" – Frank Sinatra (1965)"Strangers in the Night" – Frank Sinatra (1966)"By the Time I Get to Phoenix" – Glen Campbell (1967)"Light My Fire" – José Feliciano (1968)"Everybody's Talkin'" – Harry Nilsson (1969)

1970s

"Everything Is Beautiful" – Ray Stevens (1970)"You've Got a Friend" – James Taylor (1971)"Without You" – Harry Nilsson (1972)"You Are the Sunshine of My Life" – Stevie Wonder (1973)Fulfillingness' First Finale – Stevie Wonder (1974)Still Crazy After All These Years – Paul Simon (1975)Songs in the Key of Life – Stevie Wonder (1976)"Handy Man" – James Taylor (1977)"Copacabana (At the Copa)" – Barry Manilow (1978)52nd Street – Billy Joel (1979)

1980s

"This Is It" – Kenny Loggins (1980)Breakin' Away – Al Jarreau (1981)"Truly" – Lionel Richie (1982)Thriller – Michael Jackson (1983)"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" – Phil Collins (1984)No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1985)"Higher Love" – Steve Winwood (1986)Bring On the Night – Sting (1987)"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (1988)"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" – Michael Bolton (1989)

1990s

"Oh, Pretty Woman (live 1987)" – Roy Orbison (1990)"When a Man Loves a Woman" – Michael Bolton (1991)"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton (1992)"If I Ever Lose My Faith in You" – Sting (1993)"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" – Elton John (1994)"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (1995)"Change the World" – Eric Clapton (1996)"Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (1997)"My Father's Eyes" – Eric Clapton (1998)"Brand New Day" – Sting (1999)

2000s

"She Walks This Earth" – Sting (2000)"Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" – James Taylor (2001)"Your Body Is a Wonderland" – John Mayer (2002)"Cry Me a River" – Justin Timberlake (2003)"Daughters" – John Mayer (2004)"From the Bottom of My Heart" – Stevie Wonder (2005)"Waiting on the World to Change" – John Mayer (2006)"What Goes Around... Comes Around" – Justin Timberlake (2007)"Say" – John Mayer (2008)"Make It Mine" – Jason Mraz (2009)

2010s

"Just the Way You Are" – Bruno Mars (2010)

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Grammy Award for Best Music Film

1983–1986

Duran Duran – Duran Duran (1983)Making Michael Jackson's Thriller – Michael Jackson (1984)Huey Lewis & The News: The Heart of Rock 'n Roll – Huey Lewis and the News (1985)Bring On the Night – Sting (1986)

Best Performance

Music Video

(1987−1988)

The Prince's Trust All-Star Rock Concert – Various Artists (1987)"Where the Streets Have No Name" – U2 (1988)

1989–2009

Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson (1989)Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em: The Movie – MC Hammer (1990)Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour 90 – Madonna (1991)Diva – Annie Lennox (1992)Ten Summoner's Tales – Sting (1993)Zoo TV: Live from Sydney – U2 (1994)Secret World Live – Peter Gabriel (1995)The Beatles Anthology – The Beatles (1996)Jagged Little Pill, Live – Alanis Morissette (1997)American Masters: Lou Reed: Rock & Roll Heart – Lou Reed (1998)Band of Gypsys: Live at Fillmore East – Jimi Hendrix (1999)Gimme Some Truth: The Making of John Lennon's Imagine Album – John Lennon (2000)Recording The Producers: A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks – Mel Brooks (2001)Westway to the World – The Clash (2002)Legend – Sam Cooke (2003)Concert for George – Various Artists (2004)No Direction Home – Bob Dylan (2005)Wings for Wheels: The Making of Born to Run – Bruce Springsteen (2006)The Confessions Tour – Madonna (2007)Runnin' Down a Dream – Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (2008)The Beatles Love – All Together Now – The Beatles and Cirque du Soleil (2009)

2010–present

When You're Strange: A Film About The Doors – The Doors (2010)Back and Forth – Foo Fighters (2011)Big Easy Express – Mumford & Sons, Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros and Old Crow Medicine Show (2012)Live Kisses – Paul McCartney (2013)20 Feet from Stardom – Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, Lisa Fischer & Judith Hill (2014)Amy – Amy Winehouse (2015)The Beatles: Eight Days a Week - The Touring Years – The Beatles (2016)The Defiant Ones – Various Artists (2017)Quincy – Quincy Jones (2018)Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé – Beyoncé (2019)Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of My Voice – Linda Ronstadt (2020)Summer of Soul – Various Artists (2021)Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story – Various Artists (2022)

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Grammy Award for Best Music Video

Video of the Year

(1981−1982)

Elephant Parts – Michael Nesmith (1981)Olivia Physical – Olivia Newton-John (1982)

1983–1986

"Girls on Film" / "Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran (1983)"Jazzin' for Blue Jean" – David Bowie (1984)"We Are the World" – USA for Africa (1985)"Brothers in Arms" – Dire Straits (1986)

Best Concept

Music Video

(1987−1988)

"Land of Confusion" – Genesis (1987)"Fat" – "Weird Al" Yankovic (1988)

1989–2009

"Leave Me Alone" – Michael Jackson (1989)"Opposites Attract" – Paula Abdul (1990)"Losing My Religion" – R.E.M. (1991)"Digging in the Dirt" – Peter Gabriel (1992)"Steam" – Peter Gabriel (1993)"Love Is Strong" – The Rolling Stones (1994)"Scream" – Michael Jackson & Janet Jackson (1995)"Free as a Bird" – The Beatles (1996)"Got 'til It's Gone" – Janet Jackson (1997)"Ray of Light" – Madonna (1998)"Freak on a Leash" – Korn (1999)"Learn to Fly" – Foo Fighters (2000)"Weapon of Choice" – Fatboy Slim featuring Bootsy Collins (2001)"Without Me" - Eminem (2002)"Hurt" – Johnny Cash (2003)"Vertigo" – U2 (2004)"Lose Control" – Missy Elliott featuring Ciara & Fatman Scoop (2005)"Here It Goes Again" – Ok Go (2006)"God's Gonna Cut You Down" – Johnny Cash (2007)"Pork and Beans" – Weezer (2008)"Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas (2009)

2010–present

"Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010)"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele (2011)"We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris (2012)"Suit & Tie" – Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z (2013)"Happy" – Pharrell Williams (2014)"Bad Blood" – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015)"Formation" – Beyoncé (2016)"Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017)"This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018)"Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (2019)"Brown Skin Girl" – Beyoncé, Blue Ivy & Wizkid (2020)"Freedom" – Jon Batiste (2021)All Too Well: The Short Film – Taylor Swift (2022)

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Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical

1970s

Thom Bell (1974)Arif Mardin (1975)Stevie Wonder (1976)Peter Asher (1977)Bee Gees, Albhy Galuten & Karl Richardson (1978)Larry Butler (1979)

1980s

Phil Ramone (1980)Quincy Jones (1981)Toto (1982)Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones (1983)James Anthony Carmichael & Lionel Richie / David Foster (1984)Phil Collins & Hugh Padgham (1985)Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis (1986)Narada Michael Walden (1987)Neil Dorfsman (1988)Peter Asher (1989)

1990s

Quincy Jones (1990)David Foster (1991)Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois / L.A. Reid & Babyface (1992)David Foster (1993)Don Was (1994)Babyface (1995)Babyface (1996)Babyface (1997)Rob Cavallo (1998)Walter Afanasieff (1999)

2000s

Dr. Dre (2000)T Bone Burnett (2001)Arif Mardin (2002)The Neptunes (2003)John Shanks (2004)Steve Lillywhite (2005)Rick Rubin (2006)Mark Ronson (2007)Rick Rubin (2008)Brendan O'Brien (2009)

2010s

Danger Mouse (2010)Paul Epworth (2011)Dan Auerbach (2012)Pharrell Williams (2013)Max Martin (2014)Jeff Bhasker (2015)Greg Kurstin (2016)Greg Kurstin (2017)Pharrell Williams (2018)Finneas O'Connell (2019)

2020s

Andrew Watt (2020)Jack Antonoff (2021)Jack Antonoff (2022)

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Grammy Legend Award

Andrew Lloyd Webber / Liza Minnelli / Willie Nelson / Smokey Robinson (1990)Johnny Cash / Aretha Franklin / Billy Joel / Quincy Jones (1991)Barbra Streisand (1992)Michael Jackson (1993)Curtis Mayfield / Frank Sinatra (1994)Luciano Pavarotti (1998)Elton John (1999)Bee Gees (2003)

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Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

1963–1990

1963 Bing Crosby1965 Frank Sinatra1966 Duke Ellington1967 Ella Fitzgerald1968 Irving Berlin1971 Elvis Presley1972 Louis ArmstrongMahalia Jackson1984 Chuck BerryCharlie Parker1985 Leonard Bernstein1986 Benny GoodmanThe Rolling StonesAndrés Segovia1987 Roy AcuffBenny CarterEnrico CarusoRay CharlesFats DominoWoody HermanBillie HolidayB.B. KingIsaac SternIgor StravinskyArturo ToscaniniHank Williams1989 Fred AstairePablo CasalsDizzy GillespieJascha HeifetzLena HorneLeontyne PriceBessie SmithArt TatumSarah Vaughan1990 Nat King ColeMiles DavisVladimir HorowitzPaul McCartney

1991–2000

1991 Marian AndersonBob DylanJohn LennonKitty Wells1992 James BrownJohn ColtraneJimi HendrixMuddy Waters1993 Chet AtkinsLittle RichardThelonious MonkBill MonroePete SeegerFats Waller1994 Bill EvansAretha FranklinArthur Rubinstein1995 Patsy ClinePeggy LeeHenry ManciniCurtis MayfieldBarbra Streisand1996 Dave BrubeckMarvin GayeGeorg SoltiStevie Wonder1997 Bobby "Blue" BlandThe Everly BrothersJudy GarlandStéphane GrappelliBuddy HollyCharles MingusOscar PetersonFrank Zappa1998 Bo DiddleyThe Mills BrothersRoy OrbisonPaul Robeson1999 Johnny CashSam CookeOtis ReddingSmokey RobinsonMel Tormé2000 Harry BelafonteWoody GuthrieJohn Lee HookerMitch MillerWillie Nelson

2001–2010

2001 The Beach BoysTony BennettSammy Davis Jr.Bob MarleyThe Who2002 Count BasieRosemary ClooneyPerry ComoAl GreenJoni Mitchell2003 Etta JamesJohnny MathisGlenn MillerTito PuenteSimon & Garfunkel2004 Van CliburnThe Funk BrothersElla JenkinsSonny RollinsArtie ShawDoc Watson2005 Eddy ArnoldArt BlakeyThe Carter FamilyMorton GouldJanis JoplinLed ZeppelinJerry Lee LewisJelly Roll MortonPinetop PerkinsThe Staple Singers2006 David BowieCreamMerle HaggardRobert JohnsonJessye NormanRichard PryorThe Weavers2007 Joan BaezBooker T. & the M.G.'sMaria CallasOrnette ColemanThe DoorsThe Grateful DeadBob Wills2008 Burt BacharachThe BandCab CallowayDoris DayItzhak PerlmanMax RoachEarl Scruggs2009 Gene AutryThe Blind Boys of AlabamaThe Four TopsHank JonesBrenda LeeDean MartinTom Paxton2010 Leonard CohenBobby DarinDavid "Honeyboy" EdwardsMichael JacksonLoretta LynnAndré PrevinClark Terry

2011–2020

2011 Julie AndrewsRoy HaynesJuilliard String QuartetThe Kingston TrioDolly PartonRamonesGeorge Beverly Shea2012 The Allman Brothers BandGlen CampbellAntônio Carlos JobimGeorge JonesThe Memphis HornsDiana RossGil Scott-Heron2013 Glenn GouldCharlie HadenLightnin' HopkinsCarole KingPatti PageRavi ShankarThe Temptations2014 The BeatlesClifton ChenierThe Isley BrothersKraftwerkKris KristoffersonArmando ManzaneroMaud Powell2015 Bee GeesPierre BoulezBuddy GuyGeorge HarrisonFlaco JiménezThe Louvin BrothersWayne Shorter2016 Ruth BrownCelia CruzEarth, Wind & FireHerbie HancockJefferson AirplaneLinda RonstadtRun-DMC2017 Shirley CaesarAhmad JamalCharley PrideJimmie RodgersNina SimoneSly StoneThe Velvet Underground2018 Hal BlaineNeil DiamondEmmylou HarrisLouis JordanThe MetersQueenTina Turner2019 Black SabbathGeorge Clinton and Parliament-FunkadelicBilly EckstineDonny HathawayJulio IglesiasSam & DaveDionne Warwick2020 ChicagoRoberta FlackIsaac HayesIggy PopJohn PrinePublic EnemySister Rosetta Tharpe

2021–present

2021 Grandmaster Flash and the Furious FiveLionel HamptonMarilyn HorneSalt-N-PepaSelenaTalking Heads2022 Bonnie Raitt2023 Bobby McFerrinNirvanaMa RaineySlick RickNile RodgersThe SupremesAnn Wilson and Nancy Wilson

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Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award

The Beatles and Richard Lester (1984)David Bowie (1984)David Byrne (1985)Russell Mulcahy (1985)Godley & Creme (1985)Madonna (1986)Zbigniew Rybczyński (1986)Peter Gabriel (1987)Julien Temple (1987)Michael Jackson (1988)George Michael (1989)Janet Jackson (1990)Bon Jovi and Wayne Isham (1991)Guns N' Roses (1992)The Rolling Stones (1994)Tom Petty (1994)R.E.M. (1995)LL Cool J (1997)Mark Romanek (1997)Beastie Boys (1998)Red Hot Chili Peppers (2000)U2 (2001)Duran Duran (2003)Hype Williams (2006)Britney Spears (2011)Justin Timberlake (2013)Beyoncé (2014)Kanye West (2015)Rihanna (2016)Pink (2017)Jennifer Lopez (2018)Missy Elliott (2019)Nicki Minaj (2022)Shakira (2023)

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MTV Europe Music Award for Best Male

Bryan Adams (1994)Michael Jackson (1995)George Michael (1996)Jon Bon Jovi (1997)Robbie Williams (1998, 2001, 2005)Will Smith (1999)Ricky Martin (2000)Eminem (2002, 2009)Justin Timberlake (2003, 2006)Usher (2004)Justin Bieber (2010-2015)Shawn Mendes (2016)

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MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography

Michael Jackson and Michael Peters (1984)David Atkins (1985)Prince (1986)Paula Abdul (1987)Barry Lather (1988)Paula Abdul (1989)Janet Jackson and Anthony Thomas (1990)Jamale Graves (1991)Frank Gatson, Travis Payne and LaVelle Smith Jr. (1992)Frank Gatson, LaVelle Smith Jr. and Travis Payne (1993)Frank Gatson and Randy Connor (1994)LaVelle Smith Jr., Tina Landon, Travis Payne and Sean Cheesman (1995)Michael Rooney (1996)Peggy Hickey (1997)Madonna and Jonas Åkerlund (1998)Richard Koufey and Michael Rooney (1999)Darrin Henson (2000)Michael Rooney, Spike Jonze and Christopher Walken (2001)Michael Rooney (2002)Frank Gatson and LaVelle Smith Jr. (2003)Fatima Robinson (2004)Kishaya Dudley (2005)Shakira (2006)Marty Kudelka (2007)Michael Rooney (2008)Frank Gatson and JaQuel Knight (2009)Laurieann Gibson (2010)Frank Gatson, Sheryl Murakami and Jeffrey Page (2011)Anwar "Flii" Burton (2012)Bruno Mars (2013)Ryan Heffington (2014)OK Go, air:man and Mori Harano (2015)Chris Grant, JaQuel Knight and Dana Foglia (2016)Teyana Taylor, Guapo, Matthew Pasterisa, Jae Blaze and Derek Watkins (2017)Sherrie Silver (2018)Charm La'Donna (2019)The Lab and Son Sung Deuk (2020)Paul Roberts (2021)Fullout Cortland (2022)Kiel Tutin, Sienna Lalau, Lee Jung and Taryn Cheng (2023)

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NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year

Dionne Warwick (1985)Patti LaBelle (1986)Dionne Warwick (1987)Lionel Richie (1988)Eddie Murphy (1989)Oprah Winfrey (1990)Patti LaBelle (1991)Michael Jackson (1992)Whitney Houston (1993)Quincy Jones (1995)Denzel Washington (1996)Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds (1997)Will Smith (1998)Halle Berry (1999)Steve Harvey (2000)Beyoncé (2003)Jamie Foxx (2012)Kevin Hart (2013)Taraji P. Henson (2014)Michael B. Jordan (2015)Dwayne Johnson (2016)Ava DuVernay (2017)Beyoncé (2018)Lizzo (2019)D-Nice (2020)Jennifer Hudson (2021)Angela Bassett (2022)

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NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture

1960s

Raymond St. Jacques (1969)

1970s

Jim Brown (1970)Donald Sutherland (1971)Billy Dee Williams (1972)No Award (1973)Bernie Casey (1974)James Earl Jones (1975)Bill Cosby (1976)Billy Dee Williams (1977)Paul Winfield (1978)Michael Jackson (1979)

1980s

LeVar Burton (1980)Richard Pryor (1981)Louis Gossett Jr. (1982)Eddie Murphy (1983)Prince (1984)Adolph Caesar (1985)Gregory Hines (1986)Danny Glover (1987)Denzel Washington (1988)Morgan Freeman (1989)

1990s

No Award (1990)Wesley Snipes (1991)Denzel Washington (1992)Denzel Washington (1993)No Award (1994)Denzel Washington (1995)Denzel Washington (1996)Djimon Hounsou (1997)Danny Glover (1998)Denzel Washington (1999)

2000s

Denzel Washington (2000)Denzel Washington (2001)Denzel Washington (2002)Cuba Gooding Jr. (2003)Jamie Foxx (2004)Samuel L. Jackson (2005)Forest Whitaker (2006)Denzel Washington (2007)Will Smith (2008)Morgan Freeman (2009)

2010s

Denzel Washington (2010)Laz Alonso (2011)Denzel Washington (2012)Forest Whitaker (2013)David Oyelowo (2014)Michael B. Jordan (2015)Denzel Washington (2016)Daniel Kaluuya (2017)Chadwick Boseman (2018)Michael B. Jordan (2019)

2020s

Chadwick Boseman (2020)Will Smith (2021)Will Smith (2022)

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NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Male Artist

Larry Graham (1979)Lionel Richie (1982)Michael Jackson (1987)Lou Rawls (1988)Luther Vandross (1989)Luther Vandross (1991)Stevie Wonder (1992)Luther Vandross (1993)Luther Vandross (1995)Babyface (1996)Babyface (1997)Luther Vandross (1998)Brian McKnight (1999)R. Kelly (2000)Luther Vandross (2001)LL Cool J (2002)Luther Vandross (2003)Usher (2004)Prince (2005)Chris Brown (2006)Chris Brown (2007)Jamie Foxx (2008)Maxwell (2009)Usher (2010)CeeLo Green (2011)Usher (2012)John Legend (2013)Pharrell Williams (2014)Pharrell Williams (2015)Maxwell (2016)Bruno Mars (2017)Bruno Mars (2018)Bruno Mars (2019)Drake (2020)Anthony Hamilton (2021)Chris Brown (2022)

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NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video

1990s

"Unforgettable" – Natalie Cole (1991)"Black or White" – Michael Jackson (1992)"I'm Every Woman" – Whitney Houston (1993)No Award (1994)"Waterfalls" – TLC (1995)"I Believe I Can Fly" – R. Kelly (1996)"Stomp" – God's Property (1997)"Just the Two of Us" – Will Smith (1998)"Wild Wild West" – Will Smith (1999)

2000s

"I Wish" – R. Kelly (2000)"You Rock My World" – Michael Jackson (2001)"Little Things" – India Arie (2002)"Dance with My Father" – Luther Vandross (2003)"If I Ain't Got You" – Alicia Keys (2004)"Unbreakable" – Alicia Keys (2005)"Be Without You" – Mary J. Blige (2006)"Like You'll Never See Me Again" – Alicia Keys (2007)"Yes We Can" – will.i.am (2008)"I Look to You" – Whitney Houston (2009)

2010s

"Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)" – Alicia Keys (2010)"Where You At?" – Jennifer Hudson (2011)"Girl on Fire" – Alicia Keys (2012)"Q.U.E.E.N." – Janelle Monáe featuring Erykah Badu (2013)"You & I (Nobody in the World)" – John Legend (2014)"Shame" – Tyrese Gibson (2015)"Formation" – Beyoncé (2016)"That's What I Like" – Bruno Mars (2017)"This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018)"Juice" – Lizzo (2019)

2020s

"Brown Skin Girl" – Beyoncé, Saint Jhn, and Wizkid featuring Blue Ivy Carter (2020)"Essence" – Wizkid featuring Tems (2021)"Lift Me Up" – Rihanna (2022)

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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1997

Performers

Bee Gees Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin GibbBuffalo Springfield Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, Neil YoungCrosby, Stills, & Nash David Crosby, Graham Nash, Stephen StillsThe Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, Tito JacksonJoni MitchellParliament-Funkadelic Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, Billy Bass Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, Bernie WorrellThe (Young) Rascals Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, Dino Danelli

Early influences

Mahalia JacksonBill Monroe

Non-performers

(Ahmet Ertegun Award)

Syd Nathan

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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 2001

Performers

Aerosmith Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, Brad WhitfordSolomon BurkeThe Flamingos Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, Paul WilsonMichael JacksonQueen John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, Roger TaylorPaul SimonSteely Dan Walter Becker, Donald FagenRitchie Valens

Non-performers

(Ahmet Ertegun Award)

Chris Blackwell

Sidemen

James BurtonJohnnie Johnson

Articles related to Michael Jackson

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The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons

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Studio albums

The Jackson 5

Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 (1969)ABC (1970)Third Album (1970)Jackson 5 Christmas Album (1970)Maybe Tomorrow (1971)Lookin' Through the Windows (1972)Skywriter (1973)G.I.T.: Get It Together (1973)Dancing Machine (1974)Moving Violation (1975)

The Jacksons

The Jacksons (1976)Goin' Places (1977)Destiny (1978)Triumph (1980)Victory (1984)2300 Jackson Street (1989)

Soundtrack album

Goin' Back to Indiana (1971)

Live albums

The Jackson 5 in Japan (1973)The Jacksons Live! (1981)Live at the Forum (2010)

Compilations

Greatest Hits (1971)Anthology (1976)Joyful Jukebox Music (1976)Boogie (1979)18 Greatest Hits (1983)Soulsation! (1995)Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection (1995)20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5 (1999)The Essential Jacksons (2004)The Very Best of The Jacksons (2004)The Motown Years (2008)I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters (2009)J Is for Jackson 5 (2010)Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls (2012)

Concert tours

The Jackson 5 World TourDestiny World TourTriumph TourVictory TourUnity Tour

Specials

Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, ForeverMichael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration

Television

The Jackson 5iveThe JacksonsThe Jacksons: An American DreamThe Jacksons: A Family Dynasty

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Singles

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Elvis Presley

American singer and actor

Also known as: “Elvis the Pelvis”, “King of Rock and Roll”, Elvis Aaron Presley, Elvis Aron Presley

Written by

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Last Updated: Sep 27, 2023 • Article History

Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley

See all media

Category: Arts & Culture

in full: Elvis Aaron Presley or Elvis Aron Presley

born:

    January 8, 1935, Tupelo, Mississippi, U.S.

died:

    August 16, 1977, Memphis, Tennessee (aged 42)

Awards And Honors:

    Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (1986) Grammy Award (1974) Grammy Award (1972) Grammy Award (1967) 

Notable Family Members:

    spouse Priscilla Presley

Recent News

Sep. 22, 2023, 8:03 AM ET (BBC)

Largest Elvis Presley festival in Europe hits Porthcawl

Sep. 16, 2023, 8:10 AM ET (The Telegraph)

Barry Manilow set to break Elvis's record for longest Las ...

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Elvis Presley, in full Elvis Aaron Presley or Elvis Aron Presley (see Researcher’s Note), (born January 8, 1935, Tupelo, Mississippi, U.S.—died August 16, 1977, Memphis, Tennessee), American popular singer widely known as the “King of Rock and Roll” and one of rock music’s dominant performers from the mid-1950s until his death.

Elvis Presley's birthplace

Elvis Presley's birthplace

Presley grew up dirt-poor in Tupelo, moved to Memphis as a teenager, and, with his family, was off welfare only a few weeks when producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records, a local blues label, responded to his audition tape with a phone call. Several weeks worth of recording sessions ensued with a band consisting of Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore, and bassist Bill Black. Their repertoire consisted of the kind of material for which Presley would become famous: blues and country songs, Tin Pan Alley ballads, and gospel hymns. Presley knew some of this music from the radio, some of it from his parents’ Pentecostal church and the group sings he attended at the Rev. H.W. Brewster’s Black Memphis church, and some of it from the Beale Street blues clubs he began frequenting as a teenager.

A Star is Born (1954) Actress Judy Garland as Esther Blodgett and Vicki Lester in a scene from the film directed by George Cukor. Musical movie

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Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley's single “Milkcow Blues Boogie”

Elvis Presley's single “Milkcow Blues Boogie”

Presley was already a flamboyant personality, with relatively long greased-back hair and wild-coloured clothing combinations, but his full musical personality did not emerge until he and the band began playing with blues singer Arthur (“Big Boy”) Crudup’s song “That’s All Right Mama” in July 1954. They arrived at a startling synthesis, eventually dubbed rockabilly, retaining many of the original’s blues inflections but with Presley’s high tenor voice adding a lighter touch and with the basic rhythm striking a much more supple groove. This sound was the hallmark of the five singles Presley released on Sun over the next year. Although none of them became a national hit, by August 1955, when he released the fifth, “Mystery Train,” arguably his greatest record ever, he had attracted a substantial Southern following for his recordings, his live appearances in regional roadhouses and clubs, and his radio performances on the nationally aired Louisiana Hayride. (A key musical change came when drummer D.J. Fontana was added, first for the Hayride shows but also on records beginning with “Mystery Train.”)

Presley’s management was then turned over to Colonel Tom Parker, a country music hustler who had made stars of Eddy Arnold and Hank Snow. Parker arranged for Presley’s song catalog and recording contract to be sold to major New York City-based enterprises, Hill and Range and RCA Victor, respectively. Sun received a total of $35,000; Elvis got $5,000. He began recording at RCA’s studios in Nashville, Tennessee, with a somewhat larger group of musicians but still including Moore, Black, and Fontana, and began to create a national sensation with a series of hits: “Heartbreak Hotel,” “Don’t Be Cruel,” and “Love Me Tender” (all 1956), “All Shook Up” (1957), and more.

Elvis Presley concert poster

Elvis Presley concert poster

From 1956 through 1958 he completely dominated the best-seller charts and ushered in the age of rock and roll, opening doors for both white and Black rock artists. His television appearances, especially those on Ed Sullivan’s Sunday night variety show, set records for the size of the audiences. Even his films, a few slight vehicles, were box office smashes.

Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley

Presley became the teen idol of his decade, greeted everywhere by screaming hordes of young women, and, when it was announced in early 1958 that he had been drafted and would enter the U.S. Army, there was that rarest of all pop culture events, a moment of true grief. More important, he served as the great cultural catalyst of his period. Elvis projected a mixed vision of humility and self-confidence, of intense commitment and comic disbelief in his ability to inspire frenzy. He inspired literally thousands of musicians—initially those more or less like-minded Southerners, from Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins on down, who were the first generation of rockabillies, and, later, people who had far different combinations of musical and cultural influences and ambitions. From John Lennon to Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan to Prince, it was impossible to think of a rock star of any importance who did not owe an explicit debt to Presley.

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Beyond even that, Presley inspired his audience. “It was like he whispered his dream in all our ears and then we dreamed it,” said Springsteen at the time of Presley’s death. You did not have to want to be a rock and roll star or even a musician to want to be like Elvis—which meant, ultimately, to be free and uninhibited and yet still a part of the everyday. Literally millions of people—an entire generation or two—defined their sense of personal style and ambition in terms that Elvis first personified.

As a result, he was anything but universally adored. Those who did not worship him found him despicable (no one found him ignorable). Preachers and pundits declared him an anathema, his Pentecostally derived hip-swinging stage style and breathy vocal asides obscene. Racists denounced him for mingling Black music with white (and Presley was always scrupulous in crediting his Black sources, one of the things that made him different from the Tin Pan Alley writers and singers who had for decades lifted Black styles without credit). He was pronounced responsible for all teenage hooliganism and juvenile delinquency. Yet, in every appearance on television, he appeared affable, polite, and soft-spoken, almost shy. It was only with a band at his back and a beat in his ear that he became “Elvis the Pelvis.”

Blue Hawaii

Blue Hawaii

Viva Las Vegas

Viva Las Vegas

In 1960 Presley returned from the army, where he had served as a soldier in Germany rather than joining the Special Services entertainment division. Those who regarded him as commercial hype without talent expected him to fade away. Instead, he continued to have hits from recordings stockpiled just before he entered the army. Upon his return to the States, he picked up pretty much where he had left off, churning out a series of more than 30 movies (from Blue Hawaii [1961] to Change of Habit [1969]) over the next eight years, almost none of which fit any genre other than “Elvis movie,” which meant a light comedic romance with musical interludes. Most had accompanying soundtrack albums, and together the movies and the records made him a rich man, although they nearly ruined him as any kind of artist. Presley did his best work in the 1960s on singles either unconnected to the films or only marginally stuck into them, recordings such as “It’s Now or Never (‘O Sole Mio’)” (1960), “Are You Lonesome Tonight?” and “Little Sister” (both 1961), “Can’t Help Falling in Love” and “Return to Sender” (both 1962), and “Viva Las Vegas” (1964). Presley was no longer a controversial figure: he had become one more predictable mass entertainer, a personage of virtually no interest to the rock audience that had expanded so much with the advent of the new sounds of the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan.

Elvis: The Comeback Special

Elvis: The Comeback Special

By 1968 the changes in the music world had overtaken Presley—both movie grosses and record sales had fallen. In December his one-man Christmas TV special aired: a tour de force of rock and roll and rhythm and blues, it restored much of his dissipated credibility. In 1969 he released a single having nothing to do with a film, “Suspicious Minds”; it went to number one. He also began doing concerts again and quickly won back a sizable following, although it was not nearly as universal as his audience in the 1950s; in the main, it was Southern and Midwestern, working-class and unsophisticated, and overwhelmingly female. For much of the next decade, he was again one of the top live attractions in the United States. (For a variety of reasons, he never performed outside North America.) Presley was now a mainstream American entertainer, an icon but not so much an idol. He had married in 1967 without much furor, became a parent with the birth of his daughter, Lisa Marie, in 1968, and got divorced in 1973. He made no more movies, although there was a good concert film, Elvis on Tour. His recordings were of uneven quality, but on each album he included a song or two that had focus and energy. Hits were harder to come by—“Suspicious Minds” was his last number one and “Burning Love” (1972) his final Top Ten entry. But, thanks to the concerts, spectaculars best described by critic Jon Landau as an apotheosis of American musical comedy, he remained a big money earner. He now lacked the ambition and power of his early work, but that may have been a good thing: he never seemed a dated relic of the 1950s trying to catch up to trends but was just a performer, unrelentingly himself.

Elvis Presley at Graceland

Elvis Presley at Graceland

Graceland

Graceland

However, Presley had also developed a lethal lifestyle. Spending almost all his time when not on the road in Graceland, his Memphis estate (actually just a big Southern colonial house decorated somewhere between banal modernity and garish faux-Vegas opulence), he lived nocturnally, surrounded by sycophants and stuffed with greasy foods and a variety of prescription drugs. His shows deteriorated in the final two years of his life, and his recording career came to a virtual standstill. Presley never seemed confident in his status, never entirely certain that he would not collapse back into sharecropper poverty, and, as a result, he seems to have become immobilized; the man who had risked everything, including potential ridicule, to make himself a success now lived in the lockstep regimen of an addict and recluse. Finally, in the summer of 1977, the night before he was to begin yet another concert tour, he died of a heart attack brought on largely by drug abuse. He was 42 years old.

Almost immediately upon hearing of his death, mourners from around the world gathered at Graceland to say farewell to the poor boy who had lived out the American dream. In a way, that mourning has never ceased: Graceland remains one of the country’s top tourist attractions, and Presley’s albums and other artifacts continue to sell briskly. Each August crowds flock to Graceland to honour him on the anniversary not of his birth but of his death. From time to time, rumours cropped up that he did not really die, that his death was a fake designed to free him from fame. Elvis impersonators are legion. His biggest fans—working-class white women, almost exclusively—passed their fanaticism on to their children, or at least to a surprising number of daughters. “Elvis has left the building,” but those who are still inside have decided to carry on regardless. Once more, Elvis Presley is triumphant, although this triumph is shadowed by something far less than happiness.

Dave Marsh

rock and roll

Table of Contents

Introduction

References & Edit History

Quick Facts & Related Topics

Images & Videos

Bill Haley and His Comets

What cultural changes did East and West Germany undergo during the 1950s?

Quizzes

USA 2006 - 78th Annual Academy Awards. Closeup of giant Oscar statue at the entrance of the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles, California. Hompepage blog 2009, arts and entertainment, film movie hollywood

Pop Culture Quiz

Publicity still of Elvis Presley in Jailhouse Rock in 1957. (cinema, movies, motion pictures, film)

Rock Music and Rock ’n’ Roll

Dancers performing the jitterbug at a juke joint outside Clarksdale, Miss., 1939.

Rock and Roll Call

Related Questions

    Where does rock music come from?

    Who led the creation of the hybrid of rock music and folk music, the musical style known as folk rock?

    Where was science invented?

    When did science begin?

    What is the blues?

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rock and roll

early style of rock music

Also known as: rock ’n’ roll

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Last Updated: Sep 28, 2023 • Article History

Bill Haley and His Comets

Bill Haley and His Comets

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Category: Arts & Culture

also called: rock ’n’ roll or rock & roll

Key People:

    Elvis Presley Paul McCartney John Lennon Chuck Berry Buddy Holly 

Related Topics:

    rock

Recent News

Sep. 28, 2023, 3:56 PM ET (AP)

Rock & Roll Hall of Fame ceremony live this year, with Elton John and Chris Stapleton performing

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Italian rockers Måneskin continue to revive the genre, selling out Madison Square Garden

rock and roll, also called rock ’n’ roll or rock & roll, style of popular music that originated in the United States in the mid-1950s and that evolved by the mid-1960s into the more encompassing international style known as rock music, though the latter also continued to be known as rock and roll.

Rock and roll has been described as a merger of country music and rhythm and blues, but, if it were that simple, it would have existed long before it burst into the national consciousness. The seeds of the music had been in place for decades, but they flowered in the mid-1950s when nourished by a volatile mix of Black culture and white spending power. Black vocal groups such as the Dominoes and the Spaniels began combining gospel-style harmonies and call-and-response singing with earthy subject matter and more aggressive rhythm-and-blues rhythms. Heralding this new sound were disc jockeys such as Alan Freed of Cleveland, Ohio, Dewey Phillips of Memphis, Tennessee, and William (“Hoss”) Allen of WLAC in Nashville, Tennessee—who created rock-and-roll radio by playing hard-driving rhythm-and-blues and raunchy blues records that introduced white suburban teenagers to a culture that sounded more exotic, thrilling, and illicit than anything they had ever known. In 1954 that sound coalesced around an image: that of a handsome white singer, Elvis Presley, who sounded like a Black man.

Publicity still of Elvis Presley in Jailhouse Rock in 1957. (cinema, movies, motion pictures, film)

Britannica Quiz

Rock Music and Rock ’n’ Roll

Presley’s nondenominational taste in music incorporated everything from hillbilly rave-ups and blues wails to pop-crooner ballads. Yet his early recordings with producer Sam Phillips, guitarist Scotty Moore, and bassist Bill Black for in Memphis were less about any one style than about a feeling. For decades African Americans had used the term rock and roll as a euphemism for sex, and Presley’s music oozed sexuality. Presley was hardly the only artist who embodied this attitude, but he was clearly a catalyst in the merger of Black and white culture into something far bigger and more complex than both.

In Presley’s wake, the music of Black singers such as Fats Domino, Little Richard, Chuck Berry, and Bo Diddley, who might have been considered rhythm-and-blues artists only years before, fit alongside the rockabilly-flavoured tunes of white performers such as Buddy Holly, Eddie Cochran, and Jerry Lee Lewis, in part because they were all now addressing the same audience: teenagers. For young white America, this new music was a soundtrack for rebellion, however mild. When Bill Haley and His Comets kicked off the 1955 motion picture Blackboard Jungle with “Rock Around the Clock,” teens in movie houses throughout the United States stomped on their seats. Movie stars such as Marlon Brando in The Wild One (1953) and James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) oozed sullen, youthful defiance that was echoed by the music. This emerging rock-and-roll culture brought a wave of condemnations from religious leaders, government officials, and parents’ groups, who branded it the “devil’s music.”

The music industry’s response was to sanitize the product: it had clean-cut, nonthreatening artists such as Pat Boone record tame versions of Little Richard songs, and it manufactured a legion of pretty-boy crooners such as Frankie Avalon and Fabian who thrived on and who would essentially serve as the Perry Comos and Bing Crosbys for a new generation of listeners. By the end of the 1950s, Presley had been inducted into the army, Holly had died in a plane crash, and Little Richard had converted to gospel. Rock and roll’s golden era had ended, and the music entered a transitional phase characterized by a more sophisticated approach: the orchestrated wall of sound erected by Phil Spector, the “hit factory” singles churned out by Motown records, and the harmony-rich surf fantasies of the Beach Boys. By the mid-1960s this sophistication allowed the music greater freedom than ever before, and it fragmented into numerous styles that became known simply as rock.

The following list of best-selling music artists includes those music acts from the 20th century to the present with claims of 75 million or more record sales worldwide. This information cannot be listed officially, as there is no organization that has recorded global music sales.

The tables are listed with each artist's claimed sales figure(s) and their total independently certified units and are ranked in descending order by claimed sales. If two or more artists have the same claimed sales, they are then ranked by certified units. The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units (for each country) within the provided sources include sales of albums, singles, compilation-albums, music videos as well as downloads of singles and full-length albums. Sales figures, such as those from SoundScan, which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine, have not been included in the certified units column.

Definitions

Gold/Platinum certifications issued after 2016, especially on singles, are in some cases more than 50% streaming generated. Some of the 20th century artists can also have significant amount of streaming based certifications. The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures. This is because Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification.[1][2][3] For this reason, some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units. The over certified figures, however, are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications, one such example is Rihanna's single "We Found Love", which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA, yet during the time of the certification, it had sold 5.4 million downloads.[4][5]

The certified units for some artists/bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to the RIAA counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification. The certified units also can be inflated by the redundancy of certifications, because each of tracks downloads and streams contributed to the certifications of both of the single and the respective album. The RIAA counts 10 downloads of individual track as well as 1,500 audio/video streams as an equivalent to one unit of album, including those from singles released prior to the album release.[6] Theoretically, if one song were streamed 1.5 billion times on YouTube, the single would receive Diamond and the whole album could be certified Platinum,[7] thus creating a combined total of 11 million certified units without any sales. Kanye West's album The Life of Pablo achieved Platinum without selling a single copy and was only available for streaming.[8]

Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist's total amount of certified units, as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song. For example, "This Is What You Came For" and "Where Them Girls At" include Rihanna and Flo Rida, Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively, so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists. However, the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles, examples of such songs are Kanye West's "Monster" and/or "All Day".[a]

Standards

To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control, this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as Billboard.

The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums, singles (including digital downloads) and videos.

Markets' order within the tables is based on Retail Value: each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom.[9][10]

The column for certified sales includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more.

Artists by reputed sales

250 million or more records

The Beatles

The Beatles

 

Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley

 

Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson

 

Elton John

Elton John

 

Queen

Queen

 

Madonna

Madonna

 

Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin

Artist Country Period active Release-year of first charted record Genre Total certified units

(from available markets)[b] Claimed sales

The Beatles United Kingdom 1960–1970[11] 1962[11] Rock / pop[11]

292.7 million

600 million[43][44]

500 million[45]

Elvis Presley United States 1953–1977[46] 1956[46] Rock and roll / pop / country[46]

233.9 million

500 million[56]

Michael Jackson United States 1964–2009[57] 1971[57] Pop / rock / dance / soul / R&B[57]

284.8 million

400 million[70]

Elton John United Kingdom 1962–present[71] 1970[71] Pop / rock[71]

210.1 million

300 million[75][76]

250 million[77][78]

Queen United Kingdom 1971–present[79] 1973[79] Rock[79]

185.2 million

300 million[82][83]

250 million[84]

Madonna United States 1979–present[85] 1983[85] Pop / dance / electronica[85]

183.5 million

300 million[92][93]

250 million[94]

Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968–1980[95] 1969[95] Hard rock / blues rock / folk rock[95]

142.6 million

300 million[99][100]

200 million[101][102]

Rihanna Barbados 2003–present[103] 2005[103] R&B / pop / dance / hip-hop[103]

358.8 million

250 million[107][108]

230 million[109]

Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965–1996, 2005, 2012–2014[110][111] 1967[110] Progressive rock / psychedelic rock[110]

124 million

250 million[115][116]

200 million[117]

200 million to 249 million records

Eminem

Eminem

 

Mariah Carey

Mariah Carey

 

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

 

Beyoncé

Beyoncé

 

Whitney Houston

Whitney Houston

 

Eagles

Eagles

 

Celine Dion

Celine Dion

Artist Country Period active Release-year of first charted record Genre Total certified units

(from available markets)[b] Claimed sales

Eminem United States 1996–present[118] 1999[118] Hip-hop[118]

330.25 million

220 million[119]

Mariah Carey United States 1988–present[120] 1990[120] R&B / pop / soul / hip-hop[120]

215.9 million

220 million[124]

Taylor Swift United States 2006–present[125] 2006[125] Pop / country / rock / folk / alternative[126]

264.2 million

200 million[127]

170 million[128]

Beyoncé United States 1997–present[129] 2002[129][130] R&B / pop[129]

237.9 million

200 million[134]

160 million[135]

Whitney Houston United States 1977–2012[136] 1984[136] R&B / soul / pop / gospel[136]

163.5 million

200 million[140]

Eagles United States 1971–1980, 1994–present[141] 1972[141] Rock[141]

153.2 million

200 million[143]

Celine Dion Canada 1981–present[144] 1981[144] Pop / Rock[144]

144.25 million

200 million[149]

175 million[150]

AC/DC Australia 1973–present[151] 1975[151] Hard rock / blues rock / rock and roll[151]

130.9 million

200 million[153]

The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962–present[154] 1963[154] Rock / blues rock[154]

102.9 million

200 million[156][157]

120 million to 199 million records

Drake

Drake

 

Garth Brooks

Garth Brooks

 

Kanye West

Kanye West

 

Billy Joel

Billy Joel

 

Justin Bieber

Justin Bieber

 

Ed Sheeran

Ed Sheeran

 

Bruno Mars

Bruno Mars

Artist Country Period active Release-year of first charted record Genre Total certified units

(from available markets)[b] Claimed sales

Drake Canada 2001–present[158] 2009[158] Hip-hop / R&B / pop[158]

446.14 million

170 million[159]

Garth Brooks United States 1989–present[160] 1989[160] Country[160]

165.3 million

170 million[162]

Kanye West United States 1996–present[163] 2003[163] Hip-hop / electronic / pop[163]

273.3 million

160 million[165]

Billy Joel United States 1964–present[166] 1971[166] Pop / rock[166]

134.6 million

160 million[168]

Justin Bieber Canada 2008–present[169] 2009[169] Pop / teen pop / dance pop[169]

291.9 million

150 million[170]

Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2004–present[171] 2011[171] Pop / folk pop[171]

268.7 million

150 million[172]

Bruno Mars United States 2004–present[173] 2010[173] Pop rock / R&B[173]

204.9 million

150 million[176]

Bruce Springsteen United States 1972–present[177] 1973[177] Rock[177]

128.1 million

150 million[179]

U2 Ireland 1976–present[180] 1980[180] Rock[180]

115.1 million

150 million[184]

Aerosmith United States 1970–present[185] 1973[185] Hard rock[185]

105.2 million

150 million[187]

Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980–2011, 2015–present[188] 1981[188] Rock / progressive rock / adult contemporary[188]

100.3 million

150 million[191]

Barbra Streisand United States 1960–present[192] 1963[192] Pop / adult contemporary[192]

98.6 million

150 million[193]

ABBA Sweden 1972–1982, 2016–present[194] 1972[194] Pop / disco[194]

70.395 million

150 million[203]

Julio Iglesias Spain 1968–present[204] 1968[204] Latin[204]

51.7 million

150 million[207]

Frank Sinatra United States 1935–1971, 1973-1995[208] 1940[208] Pop / swing / easy listening[208]

41 million

150 million[210]

Katy Perry United States 2001–present[211] 2008[211] Pop[211]

178.1 million

143 million[212]

Chris Brown United States 2005–present[213] 2005[213] R&B / hip-hop / pop[213]

218.3 million

140 million[214]

Jay-Z United States 1996–present[215] 1996[215] Hip-hop[215]

149.7 million

125 million[216]

Metallica United States 1981–present[217] 1983[217] Heavy metal / thrash metal[217]

105.6 million

125 million[219]

Lady Gaga United States 2005–present[220] 2008[220] Pop / dance / electronic[220]

165.81 million

124 million[221]

Lil Wayne United States 1996–present[222] 1999[222] Hip-hop[222]

194.1 million

120 million[223]

Maroon 5 United States 1994–present[224] 2002[224] Pop rock / funk rock / dance-pop[224]

146.4 million

120 million[225]

Adele United Kingdom 2006–present[226] 2008[226] Pop / soul[226]

143.7 million

120 million[227]

Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983–present[228] 1987[228] Funk rock / alternative rock[228]

100.2 million

120 million[230]

Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom

United States 1967–present[231] 1968[231] Rock / pop[231]

97.5 million

120 million[234]

Bon Jovi United States 1983–present[235] 1983[235] Hard rock / glam metal[235]

89.3 million

120 million[238]

Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964–present[239] 1969[239] Rock / pop[239]

84.9 million

120 million[242]

Bee Gees United Kingdom

Australia[243][244] 1963–2003

2009–2012[245] 1963[245] Pop / disco[245]

75.1 million

120 million[248]

100 million to 119 million records

Nicki Minaj

Nicki Minaj

 

Coldplay

Coldplay

 

Linkin Park

Linkin Park

 

George Strait

George Strait

 

Pink

Pink

 

Britney Spears

Britney Spears

 

B'z

B'z

Artist Country Period active Release-year of first charted record Genre Total certified units

(from available markets)[b] Claimed sales

Nicki Minaj Trinidad and Tobago 2008–present[249] 2010[249] Hip-hop / pop[249]

166.3 million

100 million[250]

Coldplay United Kingdom 1997–present[251] 1999[251] Alternative rock / pop rock / pop[251]

135.6 million

100 million[253]

Linkin Park United States 1996–present[254] 2000[254] Alternative rock / nu metal / rap rock[254]

105 million

100 million[255]

George Strait United States 1981–present[256] 1984[256] Country[256]

108.8 million

100 million[257]

Pink United States 1995–present[258] 2000[258] Pop / pop rock / R&B[258]

92.5 million

100 million[259]

Britney Spears United States 1998–present[260] 1998[260] Pop / dance / dance-pop[260]

90.7 million

100 million[262]

B'z Japan 1988–present[263] 1988[263] Rock / pop rock / hard rock[263]

86.2 million

100 million[264]

Shania Twain Canada 1993–present[265] 1993[265] Country pop[265]

86 million

100 million[266]

Guns N' Roses United States 1985–present[267] 1987[267] Hard rock / heavy metal[267]

81.3 million

100 million[269]

Backstreet Boys United States 1993–present[270] 1995[270] Pop[270]

79.4 million

100 million[274]

Eric Clapton United Kingdom 1962–present[275] 1970[275] Rock / blues[275]

71.6 million

100 million[277]

Neil Diamond United States 1966–present[278] 1966[278] Pop / rock[278]

71.3 million

100 million[280]

Prince United States 1976–2016[281] 1978[281] Funk / R&B / pop / soul / rock[281]

67.4 million

100 million[282]

Journey United States 1973–present[283] 1975[283] Rock / soft rock[283]

65.2 million

100 million[285]

Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960–present[286] 1970[286] Rock[286]

67.2 million

100 million[288]

Janet Jackson United States 1982–present[289] 1982[289] R&B / pop[289]

65.3 million

100 million[290]

Kenny Rogers United States 1958–2020[291] 1975[291] Country / pop[291]

64.7 million

100 million[293]

Santana United States 1966–present[294] 1969[294] Rock[294]

62.8 million

100 million[295]

Simon & Garfunkel United States 1956–2004[296] 1964[296] Folk rock[296]

62.1 million

100 million[297]

George Michael United Kingdom 1981–2016[298] 1984[298] Pop[298]

54.3 million

100 million[300]

Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977–1995[301] 1978[301] Rock[301]

53 million

100 million[302]

The Doors United States 1965–1973[303] 1967[303] Psychedelic rock[303]

50.5 million

100 million[304]

Foreigner United States

United Kingdom 1976–present[305] 1977[305] Rock / hard rock[305]

50.4 million

100 million[306]

Chicago United States 1967–present[307] 1969[307] Rock / pop[307]

48.5 million

100 million[309]

Bob Dylan United States 1959–present[310] 1963[310] Folk / rock[310]

48.3 million

100 million[311]

The Carpenters United States 1969–1983[312] 1969[312] Pop[312]

46.7 million

100 million[314]

Meat Loaf United States 1968–2022[315] 1977[315] Rock / hard rock[315]

46.6 million

100 million[316]

Earth, Wind & Fire United States 1969–present[317] 1971[317] Funk / R&B / soul[317]

44.7 million

100 million[320]

Cher United States 1964–present[321] 1965[321] Pop / rock / dance / folk[321]

43.7 million

100 million[327]

Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977–present[328] 1979[328] Hard rock / heavy metal[328]

42.6 million

100 million[330]

David Bowie United Kingdom 1962–2016[331] 1967[331] Art rock / glam rock / pop[331]

42.5 million

100 million[332]

Genesis United Kingdom 1967–1999

2006–present[333] 1969[333] Progressive rock / pop rock[333]

40.3 million

100 million[334]

Stevie Wonder United States 1961–present[335] 1962[335] Funk / R&B / soul[335]

40.4 million

100 million[336]

Gloria Estefan United States 1975–present[337] 1984[337] Latin pop / dance pop[337]

37.6 million

100 million[339]

Tina Turner United States 1958–2009[340] 1960[341] Rock / pop[341]

37.6 million

100 million[342]

James Taylor United States 1968–present[343] 1970[343] Rock / pop[343]

36.5 million

100 million[344]

Olivia Newton-John Australia 1966–2022[345] 1966[345] Pop[345]

36.1 million

100 million[347]

Linda Ronstadt United States 1967–2011[348] 1968[348] Rock / folk / country[348]

33.2 million

100 million[349]

The Beach Boys United States 1961–present[350] 1962[350] Rock / pop / surf rock[350]

32.7 million

100 million[351]

Donna Summer United States 1968–2012[352] 1974[352] Pop / disco / R&B[352]

31.5 million

100 million[353]

80 million to 99 million records

Shakira

Shakira

 

Alicia Keys

Alicia Keys

 

Christina Aguilera

Christina Aguilera

 

Lionel Richie

Lionel Richie

 

Johnny Cash

Johnny Cash

 

Justin Timberlake

Justin Timberlake

 

Ariana Grande

Ariana Grande

 

R.E.M.

R.E.M.

Artist Country Period active Release-year of first charted record Genre Total certified units

(from available markets)[b] Claimed sales

Shakira Colombia 1988–present[354] 1995[354] Latin pop / pop / pop rock[354]

84 million

95 million[355]

Alicia Keys United States 1996–present[356] 2001[356] Hip-hop / R&B / pop[356]

96.5 million

90 million[357]

Christina Aguilera United States 1993–present[358] 1998[358] R&B / pop / rock[358]

78.1 million

90 million[359]

Lionel Richie United States 1968–present[360] 1981[360] Pop / R&B[360]

43.4 million

90 million[362]

Johnny Cash United States 1954–2003[363] 1956[363] Country / rock and roll / gospel[363]

32.2 million

90 million[364]

Justin Timberlake United States 1992–present[365] 2002[365] Pop / R&B / neo soul[365]

85.5 million

88 million[366]

Ariana Grande United States 2008–present[367] 2013[367] Pop / R&B[367]

155.9 million

85 million[368]

R.E.M. United States 1980–2011[369] 1983[369] Alternative rock[369]

45.3 million

85 million[370]

Post Malone United States 2013–present[371] 2015[371] Pop / R&B / hip-hop[371]

222.2 million

80 million[372]

Flo Rida United States 2007–present[373] 2007[373] Hip-hop / hip house /EDM[373]

85.2 million

80 million[374]

Usher United States 1991–present[375] 1994[375] R&B / pop[375]

78.4 million

80 million[376]

Tim McGraw United States 1990–present[377] 1994[377] Country[377]

72.3 million

80 million[378]

The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995–present[379] 1998[379] Hip-hop / R&B / dance[379]

70.9 million

80 million[380]

Van Halen United States 1978–2020[381] 1978[381] Hard rock / heavy metal[381]

65.2 million

80 million[382]

Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998–present[383] 1998[383] J-pop / pop / dance / electronic[383]

64.5 million

80 million[384][385]

Tom Petty United States 1976–2017[386] 1977[386] Rock[386]

36 million

80 million[387]

Johnny Hallyday France 1957–2017[388] 1960[388] Rock / pop[388]

28.9 million

80 million[390]

75 million to 79 million records

The Weeknd

The Weeknd

 

Imagine Dragons

Imagine Dragons

 

Luke Bryan

Luke Bryan

 

Alabama

Alabama

 

Nirvana

Nirvana

 

Robbie Williams

Robbie Williams

Artist Country Period active Release-year of first charted record Genre Total certified units

(from available markets)[b] Claimed sales

The Weeknd Canada 2010–present[391] 2013[391] Pop / R&B[391]

228 million

75 million[392]

Imagine Dragons United States 2008–present[393] 2012[393] Pop rock / electropop / pop[393]

145.5 million

75 million[394]

Luke Bryan United States 2001–present[395] 2007[375] Country / country pop[375]

94.5 million

75 million[396]

Tupac Shakur United States 1991–1996[397] 1991[397] Hip-hop[397]

61.9 million

75 million[399]

Alabama United States 1972–present[400] 1980[400] Country/pop rock[400]

58 million

75 million[401]

R. Kelly United States 1989–2019[402] 1991[403] R&B / soul / hip-hop[403]

56.8 million

75 million[404]

Nirvana United States 1987–1994[405] 1990[405] Grunge / alternative rock[405]

56.6 million

75 million[408]

Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990–present[409] 1996[409] Pop rock[409]

56.1 million

75 million[410]

Bob Seger United States 1961–present[411] 1967[411] Rock / Hard rock/ Pop rock[411]

55.3 million

75 million[412]

Kenny G United States 1982–present[413] 1984[413] Smooth jazz[413]

53.9 million

75 million[414]

Green Day United States 1987–present[415] 1994[379] Punk rock / pop punk / alternative rock[415]

58.8 million

75 million[417]

Enya Ireland 1982–present[418] 1987[418] New-age / Celtic[418]

51.9 million

75 million[421]

Bryan Adams Canada 1979–present[422] 1979[422] Rock[422]

50.7 million

75 million[424]

Bob Marley Jamaica 1962–1981[425] 1975[425] Reggae[425]

46.5 million

75 million[428]

The Police United Kingdom 1977–1986

2007–2008[429] 1978[429] Pop / rock[429]

42.2 million

75 million[432]

Barry Manilow United States 1973–present[433] 1973[433] Pop / soft rock[433]

36.7 million

75 million[434]

Kiss United States 1972–present[435] 1974[435] Hard rock / heavy metal[435]

28.7 million

75 million[436]

Aretha Franklin United States 1956–2018[437] 1961[437] Soul / jazz / blues / R&B[437]

26.8 million

75 million[438]

See also

Record production portal

List of best-selling albums

List of best-selling albums by country

List of best-selling singles

List of best-selling singles by country

List of best-selling Latin music artists

List of best-selling boy groups

List of best-selling girl groups

List of best-selling female rappers

IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year

Notes

 Below you can get an understanding as to when certifications for songs are added to the total certified sales of the listed artists.

One lead artist and one featured artist. (The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of both, the lead artist and the featured artist as both will have almost equal amount of part).

Two lead artists.(The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of both lead artists as both will have almost equal amount of part).

Two lead artists and one featured artist. (The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of both lead artists as well as the featured artist. Both lead artists will play a significant part in a song and the part of the featured artist also should be significant enough).

One lead artist and two featured artists. (The issued certification(s) should be added to the total of the lead artist and to the total of both featured artists as almost all should have equal amount of part).

 Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century; thus, certification databases are not able to cover all sales. Some (or all) records released and sold prior to a certification system's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases. Year of establishment (from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively):[9][10]

United States: 1958[439]

Japan: 1989[440]

Germany: 1975[14]

United Kingdom: 1973[441]

France: 1973[442]

Canada: 1975[443]

Australia: 1997[19] (online certification-database has begun since 1997. Certifications; however, existed in Australia since the 1970s)

Brazil: 1990[444]

Netherlands: 1978[22]

Italy: 2009[23] (online certification-database covers certifications issued since 2009. Certifications; however, have existed in Italy since the 1980s)[55]

Spain: 1979[48]

Sweden: 1987[26]

Norway: 1993[27]

Denmark: 2001[65] (online certifications for Denmark start from 2001. Certifications; however, existed in Denmark since the early 1990s[445])

Switzerland: 1989[446]

Mexico: 1999[447]

Argentina: 1980[448]

Belgium: 1995[449]

Austria: 1990[37]

Poland: 1995[38]

Finland: 1971[450]

Ireland: 2005[106]

New Zealand: July 1978[40]

Portugal:[42](online certification-database covers certifications issued since 2004. Certifications; however, have existed in Portugal since the 1980s)[55]

Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales, if stores order more albums than they are able to sell, due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales. Often, however, actual sales are larger than certified sales, since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications. Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple-certification level, meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level.[451][452] As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites, certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels.[453] See the changes in Certification-award-levels in the following markets:

United States[454] (Note, U.S. certification-award-levels for singles before 1989 were: 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum.[455] Also, U.S. certification-awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were: 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum[456])

Japan[457][458]

Germany[459] (Note, German certification-award-levels for singles before 1988 were: 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum.[460][461][462][74][55])

United Kingdom[463]

France[464][442][465][466]

Canada[467] (Canadian certification-award-levels for singles before February 1982 were: 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum[468])

Brazil[469][470][471]

Netherlands[472]

Italy[23][473][474]

Spain[475][476]

Sweden[477]

Norway[478][479][480][481][482]

Denmark[445][483][484][485]

Switzerland[446]

Mexico[486][487]

Argentina[448]

Belgium[488][489]

Austria:[488][490][491]

Poland[492][493]

Finland[450]

New Zealand: (NZ certification-levels for singles before 1989 were: 10,000 for Gold, 20,000 for Platinum)[494](NZ certification-levels for singles before June 2007 were: 5,000 for Gold, 10,000 for Platinum)[495] (The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17, 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold, 15,000 for Platinum, to 15,000 for Gold, 30,000 for Platinum)[496]

Portugal:[497]

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