1898 massive Silbermünze Vintage drei Pence alte Königin Victoria viktorianisch antik

EUR 12,26 11 Gebote 3d 5h 4m 25s, EUR 5,55 Versand, 30-Tag Rücknahmen, eBay-Käuferschutz
Verkäufer: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33.557) 99.8%, Artikelstandort: Manchester, Take a Look at My Other Items, GB, Versand nach: WORLDWIDE, Artikelnummer: 315239957420 1898 massive Silbermünze Vintage drei Pence alte Königin Victoria viktorianisch antik. 1898 Three Pence Coin Solid Silver Coin A One Hundred and Twenty Five Year old British Threepence Coin from 1898 Solid 0.925 Silver In Good Condition given it is one hundred years old Starting at its monetary value one Penny...With No Reserve..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!! Would make an Excellent Charm or Collectible Keepsake Souvenir of the worlds most famous ship
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Click here for more information. Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Victorian society" redirects here. For the UK amenity society, see The Victorian Society. Victorian era 1837–1901 Painting of Queen Victoria by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1859) Monarch(s) Victoria Leader(s) The Viscount Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell The Earl of Derby The Earl of Aberdeen The Viscount Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone The Marquess of Salisbury The Earl of Rosebery Chronology  Georgian era Edwardian era  Part of a series on the History of the United Kingdom BRITANNIA prout divisa fuit temporibus ANGLO-SAXONUM, praesertim durante illorum HEPTARCHIA Timeline Topics flag United Kingdom portal vte Periods in English history   Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 AD British Iron Age c. 800 BC Roman Britain c. 43–410 Sub-Roman Britain c. 400s – late 500s Anglo-Saxon c. 500–1066 Norman 1066–1154 Plantagenet 1154–1485 Tudor 1485–1603 Elizabethan 1558–1603 Stuart 1603–1714 Jacobean 1603–1625 Caroline 1625–1649 (Interregnum) 1649–1660 Restoration 1660–1714 Georgian era 1714–1837 Regency era 1811–1820 Victorian era 1837–1901 Edwardian era 1901–1914 First World War 1914–1918 Interwar Britain 1919–1939 Second World War 1939–1945 Post-war Britain (political) 1945–1979 Post-war Britain (social) 1945–1979 See also Political history (1979–present) Social history (1979–present) Timeline vte Part of a series on the History of Scotland Arms of Scotland SCOTIA REGNUM cum insulis adjacentibus Eras Prehistoric (timeline) 12,000 BC–700 BC During the Roman Empire 69–384 Middle Ages Early High Late Early Modern Modern History (timeline) Rule House of Alpin (843–878; 889–1040) House of Moray (1040–1058) House of Dunkeld (1058–1286) House of Balliol (1292–1296) House of Bruce (1306–1371) House of Stuart (1371–1652) (1660–1707) Commonwealth (1652–1660) Acts of Union 1707 Topics Scandinavian Scotland 793–1468Wars of independenceRenaissanceReformationRestorationGlorious RevolutionColonization of the AmericasEnlightenmentRomanticismClansThe Scots languageEconomicsEducationMilitaryMaritimeHistoriographyDemographyNatural history Culture ArchitectureArtThe KiltLiteraturePhilosophy Politics DevolutionLocal governmentScottish National PartyScottish Socialist Party Sport FootballRugby unionNational football teamGolf Religion Christianity Scottish ReformationScottish Episcopal ChurchGreat DisruptionJews and JudaismIslam and Muslims By Region Edinburgh timelineGlasgow timeline flag Scotland portal vte In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. Slightly different definitions are sometimes used. The era followed the Georgian era and preceded the Edwardian era, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe. Various liberalising political reforms took place in the UK, including expanding the electoral franchise. The Great Famine caused mass death in Ireland early in the period. The British Empire had relatively peaceful relations with the other great powers. It participated in various military conflicts mainly against minor powers. The British Empire expanded during this period and was the predominant power in the world. Victorian society valued a high standard of personal conduct across all sections of society. The emphasis on morality gave impetus to social reform but also placed restrictions on certain groups' liberty. Prosperity rose during the period, but debilitating undernutrition persisted. Literacy and childhood education became near universal in Great Britain for the first time. Whilst some attempts were made to improve living conditions, slum housing and disease remained a severe problem. The period saw significant scientific and technological development. Britain was advanced in industry and engineering in particular, but somewhat undeveloped in art and education. Great Britain's population increased rapidly, while Ireland's fell sharply. Terminology and periodisation See also: Periodisation In the strictest sense, the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria's reign as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from her accession on 20 June 1837—after the death of her uncle, William IV—until her death on 22 January 1901, after which she was succeeded by her eldest son, Edward VII. Her reign lasted 63 years and seven months, a longer period than any of her predecessors. The term 'Victorian' was in contemporaneous usage to describe the era.[1] The era has also been understood in a more extensive sense as a period that possessed sensibilities and characteristics distinct from the periods adjacent to it, in which case it is sometimes dated to begin before Victoria's accession—typically from the passage of or agitation for (during the 1830s) the Reform Act 1832, which introduced a wide-ranging change to the electoral system of England and Wales.[note 1] Definitions that purport a distinct sensibility or politics to the era have also created scepticism about the worth of the label 'Victorian', though there have also been defences of it.[2] Michael Sadleir was insistent that "in truth, the Victorian period is three periods, and not one".[3] He distinguished early Victorianism—the socially and politically unsettled period from 1837 to 1850[4]—and late Victorianism (from 1880 onwards), with its new waves of aestheticism and imperialism,[5] from the Victorian heyday: mid-Victorianism, 1851 to 1879. He saw the latter period as characterized by a distinctive mixture of prosperity, domestic prudery, and complacency[6]—what G. M. Trevelyan called the 'mid-Victorian decades of quiet politics and roaring prosperity'.[7] Political and diplomatic history Main articles: Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Domestically, Britain liberalised and gradually evolved into a democracy. The Reform Act,[note 2] which made various changes to the electoral system including expanding the franchise, had been passed in 1832.[8] The franchise was expanded again by the Second Reform Act[note 3] in 1867.[9] Cities were given greater political autonomy and the labour movement was legalised.[10] From 1845 to 1852, the Great Famine caused mass starvation, disease and death in Ireland, sparking large-scale emigration.[11] The Corn Laws were repealed in response to this.[12] Across the British Empire, reform included rapid expansion, the complete abolition of slavery in the African possessions and the end of transportation of convicts to Australia. Restrictions on colonial trade were loosened and responsible (i.e. semi-autonomous) government was introduced in some territories.[13][14] Depiction of the defence of Rorke's Drift during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 by Alphonse de Neuville (1880) Throughout most of the 19th century Britain was the most powerful country in the world.[15] The period from 1815 to 1914, known as the Pax Britannica, was a time of relatively peaceful relations between the world's great powers. This is particularly true of Britain's interactions with the others.[16] The only war in which the British Empire fought against another major power was the Crimean War, from 1853 to 1856.[17][13] There were various revolts and violent conflicts within the British Empire,[13][14] and Britain participated in wars against minor powers.[18][13][14] It also took part in the diplomatic struggles of the Great Game[18] and the Scramble for Africa.[13][14] In 1840, Queen Victoria married her German cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The couple had nine children, who themselves married into various royal families, and the queen thus became known as the 'grandmother of Europe'.[19][10] In 1861, Albert died.[18] Victoria went into mourning and withdrew from public life for ten years.[10] In 1871, with republican sentiments growing in Britain, she began to return to public life. In her later years, her popularity soared as she became a symbol of the British Empire. Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901.[19] Society and culture The Victorian era saw a rapidly growing middle class who became an important cultural influence, to a significant extent replacing the aristocracy as British society's dominant class.[20][21] A distinctive middle-class lifestyle developed that influenced what society valued as a whole.[20][22] Increased importance was placed on the value of the family, and the idea that marriage should be based on romantic love gained popularity.[23][24] A clear separation was established between the home and the workplace, which had often not been the case before.[22] The home was seen as a private environment,[22] where housewives provided their husbands with a respite from the troubles of the outside world.[23] Within this ideal, women were expected to focus on domestic matters and to rely on men as breadwinners.[25][26] Women had limited legal rights in most areas of life, and a feminist movement developed.[26][27] Parental authority was seen as important, but children were given legal protections against abuse and neglect for the first time.[28] Access to education increased rapidly during the 19th century. State-funded schools were established in England and Wales for the first time. Education became compulsory for pre-teenaged children in England, Scotland and Wales. Literacy rates increased rapidly, and had become nearly universal by the end of the century.[29][30] Private education for wealthier children, boys and more gradually girls, became more formalised over the course of the century.[29] The growing middle class and strong evangelical movement placed great emphasis on a respectable and moral code of behaviour. This included features such as charity, personal responsibility, controlled habits,[note 4] child discipline and self-criticism.[21][31] As well as personal improvement, importance was given to social reform.[32] Utilitarianism was another philosophy that saw itself as based on science rather than on morality, but also emphasised social progress.[33][34] An alliance formed between these two ideological strands.[35] The reformers emphasised causes such as improving the conditions of women and children, giving police reform priority over harsh punishment to prevent crime, religious equality, and political reform in order to establish a democracy.[36] The political legacy of the reform movement was to link the nonconformists (part of the evangelical movement) in England and Wales with the Liberal Party.[37] This continued until the First World War.[38] The Presbyterians played a similar role as a religious voice for reform in Scotland.[39] Religion was politically controversial during this era, with Nonconformists pushing for the disestablishment of the Church of England.[40] Nonconformists comprised about half of church attendees in England in 1851,[note 5][41] and gradually the legal discrimination that had been established against them outside of Scotland was removed.[42][43][44][45] Legal restrictions on Roman Catholics were also largely removed. The number of Catholics grew in Great Britain due to conversions and immigration from Ireland.[40] Secularism and doubts about the accuracy of the Old Testament grew among people with higher levels of education.[46] Northern English and Scottish academics tended to be more religiously conservative, whilst agnosticism and even atheism (though its promotion was illegal)[47] gained appeal among academics in the south.[48] Historians refer to a 'Victorian Crisis of Faith', a period when religious views had to readjust to accommodate new scientific knowledge and criticism of the Bible.[49] A variety of reading materials grew in popularity during the period, including novels,[50] women's magazines,[51] children's literature,[52] and newspapers.[53] Much literature, including chapbooks, was distributed on the street.[54][55] Music was also very popular, with genres such as folk music, broadsides, music halls, brass bands, theater music and choral music having mass appeal. What is now called classical music was somewhat undeveloped compared to parts of Europe but did have significant support.[56] Many sports were introduced or popularised during the Victorian era.[57] They became important to male identity.[58] Examples included cricket,[59] football,[60] rugby,[61] tennis[62] and cycling.[63] The idea of women participating in sport did not fit well with the Victorian view of femininity, but their involvement did increase as the period progressed.[64] For the middle classes, many leisure activities such as table games could be done in the home while domestic holidays to rural locations such as the Lake District and Scottish Highlands were increasingly practical.[65] The working classes had their own culture separate from that of their richer counterparts, various cheaper forms of entertainment and recreational activities provided by philanthropy. Trips to resorts such as Blackpool were increasingly popular towards the end of period.[66] Initially the industrial revolution increased working hours, but over the course of the 19th century a variety of political and economic changes caused them to fall back down to and in some cases below pre-industrial levels, creating more time for leisure.[67] Recreation of a Victorian parlour at Nidderdale Museum, Yorkshire Recreation of a Victorian parlour at Nidderdale Museum, Yorkshire   Cheap meals for poor children in East London (1870) Cheap meals for poor children in East London (1870)   Leisure Hours (1855), depiction of a man resting by George Hardy Leisure Hours (1855), depiction of a man resting by George Hardy Economy, industry, and trade Further information: Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era; Industrial Revolution; and Second Industrial Revolution Illustrations of the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield in The Illustrated London News (1861) Before the Industrial Revolution, daily life had changed little for hundreds of years. The 19th century saw rapid technological development with a wide range of new inventions. This led Great Britain to become the foremost industrial and trading nation of the time.[68] Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era (1850–1870) as Britain's 'Golden Years',[69][70] with national income per person increasing by half. This prosperity was driven by increased industrialisation, especially in textiles and machinery, along with exports to the empire and elsewhere.[71] The positive economic conditions, as well as a fashion among employers for providing welfare services to their workers, led to relative social stability.[71][72] The Chartist movement for working-class men to be given the right to vote, which had been prominent in the early Victorian period, dissipated.[71] Government involvement in the economy was limited.[72] Only in the post-World War II period, around a century later, did the country experience substantial economic growth again.[70] Bit whilst industry was well developed, education and the arts were mediocre.[72] Historian Llewellyn Woodward concluded that during the 'golden years', whilst quality of life was improving, conditions and housing for the working classes 'were still a disgrace to an age of plenty'.[73] Wage rates continued to improve in the later 19th century: real wages (after taking inflation into account) were 65 per cent higher in 1901 compared to 1871. Much of the money was saved, as the number of depositors in savings banks rose from 430,000 in 1831 to 5.2 million in 1887, and their deposits from £14 million to over £90 million.[74] This illustration of a child drawer (a type of hurrier) pulling a coal tub was originally published in the Children's Employment Commission (Mines) 1842 report. Children had always played a role in economic life but exploitation of their labour became especially intense during the Victorian era. Children were put to work in a wide range of occupations, but particularly associated with this period are factories. Employing children had advantages, as they were cheap, had limited ability to resist harsh working conditions, and could enter spaces too small for adults. Some accounts exist of happy upbringings involving child labour, but conditions were generally poor. Pay was low, punishments severe, work was dangerous and disrupted children's development (often leaving them too tired to play even in their free time). Early labour could do lifelong harm; even in the 1960s and '70s, the elderly people of industrial towns were noted for their often unusually short stature, deformed physiques, and diseases associated with unhealthy working conditions.[75] Reformers wanted the children in school; in 1840 only about 20 per cent of the children in London had any schooling.[76] By the 1850s, around half of the children in England and Wales were in school (not including Sunday school).[77] From the 1833 Factory Act onwards, attempts were made to get child labourers into part time education, though this was often difficult to achieve.[78] Only in the 1870s and 1880s did children begin to be compelled into school.[77] Work continued to inhibit children's schooling into the early 20th century.[75] Housing and public health Further information: Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era; Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era; and Demographics of the Victorian era 19th-century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanisation stimulated by the Industrial Revolution.[79] In the 1901 census, more than 3 out of every 4 people were classified as living in an urban area, compared to 1 in 5 a century earlier.[80] Historian Richard A. Soloway wrote that "Great Britain had become the most urbanized country in the West."[81] The rapid growth in the urban population included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centres such as Edinburgh and London.[80][82] Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants.[83] Overcrowding was a major problem with seven or eight people frequently sleeping in a single room. Until at least the 1880s, sanitation was inadequate in areas such as water supply and disposal of sewage. This all had a negative effect on health, especially that of the impoverished young. For instance, of the babies born in Liverpool in 1851, only 45 per cent survived to age 20.[84] Conditions were particularly bad in London, where the population rose sharply and poorly maintained, overcrowded dwellings became slum housing. Kellow Chesney wrote of the situation:[85] Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the metropolis... In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room Hunger and poor diet was a common aspect of life across the UK in the Victorian period, especially in the 1840s, but the mass starvation seen in the Great Famine in Ireland was unique.[86][84] Levels of poverty fell significantly during the 19th century from as much as two thirds of the population in 1800 to less than a third by 1901. 1890s studies suggested that almost 10% of the urban population lived in a state of desperation lacking the food necessary to maintain basic physical functions. Attitudes towards the poor were often unsympathetic and they were frequently blamed for their situation. In that spirit, the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 had been deliberately designed to punish them and would remain the basis for welfare provision into the 20th century. While many people were prone to vices, not least alcoholism, historian Bernard A. Cook argues that the main reason for 19th century poverty was that typical wages for much of the population were simply too low. Barely enough to provide a subsistence living in good times, let alone save up for bad.[84] Improvements were made over time to housing along with the management of sewage and water eventually giving the UK the most advanced system of public health protection anywhere in the world.[87] The quality and safety of household lighting improved over the period with oil lamps becoming the norm in the early 1860s, gas lighting in the 1890s and electric lights beginning to appear in the homes of the richest by the end of the period.[88] Medicine advanced rapidly during the 19th century and germ theory was developed for the first time. Doctors became more specialised and the number of hospitals grew.[87] The overall number of deaths fell by about 20%. The life expectancy of women increased from around 42 to 55 and 40 to 56 for men.[note 6][81] In spite of this, the mortality rate fell only marginally, from 20.8 per thousand in 1850 to 18.2 by the end of the century. Urbanisation aided the spread of diseases and squalid living conditions in many places exacerbated the problem.[87] The population of England, Scotland and Wales grew rapidly during the 19th century.[89] Various factors are considered contributary to this, including a rising fertility rate (though it was falling by the end of the period),[81] the lack of a catastrophic pandemic or famine in the island of Great Britain during the 19th century for the first time in history,[90] improved nutrition,[90] and a lower overall mortality rate.[90] Ireland's population shrank significantly, mostly due to emigration and the Great Famine.[91] Slum area in Glasgow (1871) Slum area in Glasgow (1871)   Buildings originally built as Llanfyllin workhouse, a state-funded home for the destitute which operated from 1838 to 1930.[92][93] Buildings originally built as Llanfyllin workhouse, a state-funded home for the destitute which operated from 1838 to 1930.[92][93]   Photograph of a mother and baby by Alfred Capel-Cure (c. 1850s or 60s) Photograph of a mother and baby by Alfred Capel-Cure (c. 1850s or 60s) Knowledge and infrastructure Main article: Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era Michael Faraday delivering a Christmas Lecture at the Royal Institution (c. 1855) The professionalisation of scientific study began in parts of Europe following the French Revolution but was slow to reach Britain. William Whewell coined the term 'scientist' in 1833 to refer to those who studied what was generally then known as natural philosophy, but it took a while to catch on. Having been previously dominated by amateurs with a separate income, the Royal Society admitted only professionals from 1847 onwards. The British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley indicated in 1852 that it remained difficult to earn a living as a scientist alone.[48] Scientific knowledge and debates such as that about Charles Darwin's book on evolution gained a high profile. Simplified (and at times inaccurate) popular science was increasingly distributed through a variety of publications which caused tension with the professionals.[94] There were significant advances in various fields of research, including statistics,[95] elasticity,[96] refrigeration,[97] natural history,[48] electricity[98] and logic.[99] Crew stood with a railway engine (1873) Known as the 'workshop of the world', Britain was uniquely advanced in technology in the mid-19th century.[100] Engineering, having developed into a profession in the 18th century, gained new profile and prestige in this period.[101] The Victorian era saw methods of communication and transportation develop significantly. In 1837, William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone invented the first telegraph system. This system, which used electrical currents to transmit coded messages, quickly spread across Britain, appearing in every town and post office. A worldwide network developed towards the end of the century. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. A little over a decade later, 26,000 telephones were in service in Britain. Multiple switchboards were installed in every major town and city.[68] Guglielmo Marconi developed early radio broadcasting at the end of the period.[102] The railways were important economically in the Victorian era, allowing goods, raw materials, and people to be moved around, stimulating trade and industry. They were also a major employer and industry in their own right.[103] Moral standards Further information: Victorian morality and Women in the Victorian era If we lift our skirts they level their eye-glasses at our ankles (1854), cartoon suggesting that men saw women lifting their dresses as a titillating opportunity to see some of their body shape. Expected standards of personal conduct changed in around the first half of the 19th century, with good manners and self-restraint becoming much more common.[104] Historians have suggested various contributing factors, such as Britain's major conflicts with France during the early 19th century meaning that the distracting temptations of sinful behaviour had to be avoided in order to focus on the war effort and the evangelical movement's push for moral improvement.[105] There is evidence that the expected standards of moral behaviour were reflected in action as well as rhetoric across all classes of society.[106][107] For instance, an analysis suggested that less than 5% of working class couples co-habited before marriage.[107] Historian Harold Perkin argued that the change in moral standards led by the middle of the 19th century to 'diminished cruelty to animals, criminals, lunatics, and children (in that order)'.[104] Legal restrictions were placed on cruelty to animals.[108][109][110] Restrictions were placed on the working hours of child labourers in the 1830s and 1840s.[111][112] Further interventions took place throughout the century to increase the level of child protection.[113] Use of the death penalty also decreased.[104] Crime rates fell significantly in the second half of the 19th century. Sociologist Christie Davies linked this change to attempts to morally educate the population, especially at Sunday schools.[114] Contrary to popular belief, Victorian society understood that both men and women enjoyed copulation.[115] Chastity was expected of women, whilst attitudes to male sexual behaviour were more relaxed.[116] The development of police forces led to a rise in prosecutions for illegal sodomy in the middle of the 19th century.[117] Male sexuality became a favourite subject of medical researchers' study.[118] For the first time, all male homosexual acts were outlawed.[119] At a time when job options for women were limited and generally low-paying, some women, particularly those without familial support, took to prostitution to support themselves. Attitudes in public life and among the general population to prostitution varied. Evidence about prostitutes' situation also varies. One contemporary study argues that the trade was a short-term stepping stone to a different lifestyle for many women, while another, more recent study argues they were subject to physical abuse, financial exploitation, state persecution, and difficult working conditions. Due to worries about venereal disease, especially among soldiers, women suspected of prostitution were for a period between the 1860s and 1880s subject to spot compulsory examinations for sexually transmitted infections, and detainment if they were found to be infected. This caused a great deal of resentment among women in general due to the principle underlying the checks, that women had to be controlled in order to be safe for sexual use by men, and the checks were opposed by some of the earliest feminist campaigning. Concern about sexual exploitation of adolescent girls increased during the period, especially following the white slavery scandal, which contributed to the increasing of the age of consent from 13 to 16.[120] Notes  A Scottish Reform Act and Irish Reform Act were passed separately.  A Scottish Reform Act and Irish Reform Act were passed separately.  See Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1868 and Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868 for equivalent reforms made in those jurisdictions  Avoiding addictions such as alcoholism and excessive gambling  They were a clear majority in Wales. Scotland and Ireland had separate religious cultures.  These life expectancy figures are rounded to the nearest whole. References  Plunkett, John; et al., eds. (2012). Victorian Literature: A Sourcebook. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 9780230551756.  Hewitt, Martin (Spring 2006). "Why the Notion of Victorian Britain Does Make Sense". Victorian Studies. 48 (3): 395–438. doi:10.2979/VIC.2006.48.3.395. S2CID 143482564. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.  Sadleir, Michael (1945). Trollope. p. 17.  Sadleir, Michael (1945). Trollope. pp. 18–19.  Sadleir, Michael (1945). Trollope. pp. 13 and 32.  Michael, Sadleir (1945). Trollope. pp. 25–30.  Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1926). History of England. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 650. OCLC 433219629.  Swisher, Clarice (2000). Victorian England. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. pp. 248–250. ISBN 9780737702217.  Anstey, Thomas Chisholm (1867). Notes Upon "the Representation of the People Act, '1867.'" (30 & 31 Vict. C. 102.): With Appendices Concerning the Antient Rights, the Rights Conferred by the 2 & 3 Will. IV C. 45, Population, Rental, Rating, and the Operation of the Repealed Enactments as to Compound Householders. W. Ridgway. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.  National Geographic (2007). 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Further reading Main article: Bibliography of the Victorian era External links  Quotations related to Victorian era at Wikiquote  Media related to Victorian era at Wikimedia Commons vte Victorian era ← Georgian eraEdwardian era → Politics and diplomacy British ArmyBritish empireBy location IrelandLondonScotlandPax BritanniaPrime ministers The Viscount MelbourneSir Robert PeelLord John RussellThe Earl of DerbyThe Earl of AberdeenThe Viscount PalmerstonBenjamin DisraeliWilliam Ewart GladstoneThe Marquess of SalisburyThe Earl of RoseberyQueen VictoriaUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Economy, society and knowledge DemographicsEconomy, industry, and tradeMathematics, science, technology and engineeringSociety and culture CosmeticsEroticaFashionHousesJewelleryMasculinityMoralityPaintingTheatre BurlesqueWomen Bibliography Category vte Queen Victoria vte United Kingdom articles vte Recessions in the United States and Commonwealth of Nations countries Portals:  History flag United Kingdom  Victorian era Authority control databases: National Edit this at Wikidata GermanyIsraelUnited States Categories: Victorian eraHistorical erasHistory of the United Kingdom by periodHistory of England by period19th century in England19th century in the United Kingdom 1898 Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 18th century19th century 20th century Decades: 1870s1880s1890s 1900s1910s Years: 1895189618971898 189919001901 1898 by topic Humanities ArchaeologyArchitectureArtFilmLiterature PoetryMusic By country AustraliaBelgiumBrazilBulgariaCanadaChinaDenmarkFranceGermanyItalyNew ZealandNorwayPhilippinesPortugalRussiaSouth AfricaSpainSwedenUnited KingdomUnited StatesVenezuela Other topics Rail transportScienceSports Lists of leaders Sovereign statesSovereign state leadersTerritorial governorsReligious leadersLaw Birth and death categories BirthsDeaths Establishments and disestablishments categories EstablishmentsDisestablishments Works category Works vte 1898 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 1898 MDCCCXCVIII Ab urbe condita 2651 Armenian calendar 1347 ԹՎ ՌՅԽԷ Assyrian calendar 6648 Baháʼí calendar 54–55 Balinese saka calendar 1819–1820 Bengali calendar 1305 Berber calendar 2848 British Regnal year 61 Vict. 1 – 62 Vict. 1 Buddhist calendar 2442 Burmese calendar 1260 Byzantine calendar 7406–7407 Chinese calendar 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster) 4594 or 4534     — to — 戊戌年 (Earth Dog) 4595 or 4535 Coptic calendar 1614–1615 Discordian calendar 3064 Ethiopian calendar 1890–1891 Hebrew calendar 5658–5659 Hindu calendars  - Vikram Samvat 1954–1955  - Shaka Samvat 1819–1820  - Kali Yuga 4998–4999 Holocene calendar 11898 Igbo calendar 898–899 Iranian calendar 1276–1277 Islamic calendar 1315–1316 Japanese calendar Meiji 31 (明治31年) Javanese calendar 1827–1828 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 12 days Korean calendar 4231 Minguo calendar 14 before ROC 民前14年 Nanakshahi calendar 430 Thai solar calendar 2440–2441 Tibetan calendar 阴火鸡年 (female Fire-Rooster) 2024 or 1643 or 871     — to — 阳土狗年 (male Earth-Dog) 2025 or 1644 or 872 Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1898. 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1898th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 898th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1898, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Events 1898 world map January–March January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx and Staten Island. January 13 – Novelist Émile Zola's open letter to the President of the French Republic on the Dreyfus affair, J'Accuse…!, is published on the front page of the Paris daily newspaper L'Aurore, accusing the government of wrongfully imprisoning Alfred Dreyfus and of antisemitism. February 12 – The automobile belonging to Henry Lindfield of Brighton rolls out of control down a hill in Purley, London, England, and hits a tree; thus he becomes the world's first fatality from an automobile accident on a public highway.[1][2][3] February 15 – Spanish–American War: The USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana Harbor, Cuba, for reasons never fully established, killing 266 men. The event precipitates the United States' declaration of war on Spain, two months later. February 15: USS Maine is sunk. February 23 – Émile Zola is imprisoned in France, after writing J'Accuse…!. March 1 – Vladimir Lenin creates the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. March 14 – Association football and sports club BSC Young Boys is established in Bern, Switzerland, as the Fussballclub Young Boys. March 16 – In Melbourne the representatives of five colonies adopt a constitution, which will become the basis of the Commonwealth of Australia.[4] March 24 – Robert Allison of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania, becomes the first person to buy an American-built automobile, when he buys a Winton automobile that has been advertised in Scientific American. March 26 – The Sabie Game Reserve in South Africa is created, as the first officially designated game reserve. April–June April 5 – Annie Oakley promotes the service of women in combat situations, with the United States military. On this day, she writes a letter to President McKinley "offering the government the services of a company of 50 'lady sharpshooters' who would provide their own arms and ammunition should war break out with Spain."[5] In the history of women in the military, there are records of female U.S. Revolutionary and Civil War soldiers who enlisted using male pseudonyms, but Oakley's letter represents possibly the earliest political move towards women's rights for combat service, in the United States military. April 22 – Spanish–American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship. April 23 – Spanish–American War: A conference of senior Spanish Navy officers led by naval minister Segismundo Bermejo decide to send Admiral Pascual Cervera's squadron to Cuba and Puerto Rico. April 25 Spanish–American War: The United States declares war on Spain; the U.S. Congress announces that a state of war has existed since April 21 (later backdating this one more day to April 20). In Essen, German company Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk RWE is founded.[6] April 26 – An explosion in Santa Cruz, California, kills 13 workers, at the California Powder Works.[7] April 29 – The Paris Auto Show, the first large-scale commercial vehicle exhibition show, is held in Tuileries Garden.[citation needed] May 1 – Spanish–American War – Battle of Manila Bay: Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish squadron, in the first battle of the war, as well as the first battle in the Philippines Campaign. May 2 – Thousands of Chinese scholars and Beijing citizens seeking reforms protest in front of the capital control yuan. May 7–9 – Bava Beccaris massacre: Hundreds of demonstrators are killed, when General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris orders troops to fire on a rally in Milan, Italy. May 8 – The first games of the Italian Football Federation are played, in which Genoa played against Torino. May 12 – Spanish–American War: The Puerto Rican Campaign begins, with the Bombardment of San Juan. May 27 – The territory of Kwang-Chou-Wan is leased by China to France, according to the Treaty of 12 April 1892, as the Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, forming part of French Indochina.[8] May 28 – Secondo Pia takes the first photographs of the Shroud of Turin and discovers that the image on the Shroud itself appears to be a photographic negative. The original flag of the Philippines as conceived by General Emilio Aguinaldo. The blue is of a lighter shade than the currently mandated royal blue, the sun has eight points as currently but many more rays and it has a mythical face. June 1 – The Trans-Mississippi Exposition World's Fair opens, in Omaha, Nebraska. June 7 – William Ramsay and Morris Travers discover neon at their laboratory at University College London, after extracting it from liquid nitrogen.[9] June 9 – The British government arranges a 99-year rent of Hong Kong from China. June 10 – Tuone Udaina, the last known speaker of the Dalmatian language, is killed in an explosion. June 11 – Peking Normal University Hall, as predecessor for Peking University was founded under the Qing Dynasty (present day of People's Republic of China).[citation needed] June 12 – Philippine Declaration of Independence: After 333 years of Spanish dominance, General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain. June 13 – Yukon Territory is formed in Canada, with Dawson chosen as its capital. June 19 – Food processing giant Nabisco is founded in New Jersey.[page needed] June 21 – Spanish–American War: The United States captures Guam, making it the first U.S. overseas territory. June 28 – Effective date of the Curtis Act of 1898 which will lead to the dissolution of tribal and communal lands in Indian Territory and ultimately the creation of the State of Oklahoma in 1907. July–September July 1 – Spanish–American War: Battle of San Juan Hill – United States troops (including Buffalo Soldiers and Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders) take a strategic position close to Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish. July 3 Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago de Cuba – The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Navy's Caribbean Squadron. American adventurer Joshua Slocum completes a 3-year solo circumnavigation of the world. July 4 – En route from New York to Le Havre, the ocean liner SS La Bourgogne collides with another ship and sinks off the coast of Sable Island with the loss of 549 lives. July 7 – The United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands. July 9 – The Nationale Tentoonstelling van Vrouwenarbeid 1898 took place in The Hague and becomes a milestone for the Dutch women's movement. July 17 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago Bay – Troops under United States General William R. Shafter take the city of Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish. July 18 – "The Adventures of Louis de Rougemont" first appear in The Wide World Magazine, as its August 1898 issue goes on sale.[10] July 25 – Spanish–American War: The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins, with a landing at Guánica Bay. August 12 – Spanish–American War: Hostilities end between American and Spanish forces in Cuba. August 13 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Manila – By prior agreement, the Spanish commander surrenders the city of Manila to the United States, in order to keep it out of the hands of Filipino rebels, ending hostilities in the Philippines. August 20 – The Gornergrat railway opens, connecting Zermatt to the Gornergrat in Switzerland. August 21 – Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama is founded in Rio de Janeiro. August 23 – The Southern Cross Expedition, the first British venture of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, sets sail from London. August 24 – Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes sign the Atoka Agreement, a requirement of the Curtis Act of 1898. August 25 – 700 Greeks and 15 Englishmen are slaughtered by the Turks in Heraklion, Greece, leading to the establishment of the autonomous Cretan State. August 28 – American pharmacist Caleb Bradham names his soft drink Pepsi-Cola. September 2 – Battle of Omdurman: British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat Sudanese tribesmen led by Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi, thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan. September 10 – Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni assassinates Empress Elisabeth of Austria in Geneva, as an act of propaganda of the deed. September 18 – Fashoda Incident: A powerful flotilla of British gunboats arrives at the French-occupied fort of Fashoda on the White Nile, leading to a diplomatic stalemate, until French troops are ordered to withdraw on November 3. September 21 Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d'état, marking the end of the Hundred Days' Reform; the Guangxu Emperor is arrested. Geert Adriaans Boomgaard of Groningen in the Netherlands becomes the world's first validated supercentenarian. October–December October 1 – The Vienna University of Economics and Business is founded, under the name K.u.K. Exportakademie. October 3 – Battle of Sugar Point: Ojibwe tribesmen defeat U.S. government troops, in northern Minnesota. October 3–8 – The Stuttgart Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany is held in Stuttgart. October 6 – The Sinfonia Club, later to become the Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston by Ossian Everett Mills. October 12 – The first town council is established in Mateur, Tunisia. November 26: blizzard. October 15 – The Fork Union Military Academy is founded, in Fork Union, Virginia.[11] October 31 – The Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem, is dedicated. November 5 – Negros Revolution: Filipinos on the island of Negros revolt against Spanish rule and establish the short-lived Republic of Negros. November 10 – The Wilmington insurrection of 1898, a coup d'état by the white Democratic Party of North Carolina, begins. November 26 – A two-day blizzard known as the Portland Gale piles snow in Boston, severely impacting the Massachusetts fishing industry and several coastal New England towns. December 9 – The first of the two Tsavo Man-Eaters is shot by John Henry Patterson; the second is killed 3 weeks later, after 135 railway construction workers have been killed by the lions. December 10 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish–American War. December 18 – Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat sets the first official land speed record in an automobile, averaging 63.15 km/h (39.24 mph) over 1 km (0.62 mi) in France. December 26 – Marie and Pierre Curie announce the discovery of an element that they name radium. December 29 (December 17 Old Style) – The Moscow Art Theatre production of The Seagull by Anton Chekhov opens.[12] December 31 – French serial killer Joseph Vacher is executed at Bourg-en-Bresse.[13] Unknown dates North Petherton becomes the first community in England to install acetylene lighting. Wakita is founded in the Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma. Henry Adams Consulting Engineers founded by Henry Adams in Baltimore, Maryland (the firm will still be in business in the 21st century). The first volume of the Linguistic Survey of India is published in Calcutta. As a result of the merger of several small oil companies, John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company controls 84% of the USA's oil, and most American pipelines. JG Palmer is established as a newspaper wholesaler in Kent. Births January–March Gracie Fields Kaj Munk Sergei Eisenstein Randolph Scott Denjirō Ōkōchi Bertolt Brecht Leó Szilárd Enzo Ferrari Soong Mei-ling Eben Dönges January 1 Tony DeMarco, American dancer (d. 1965) Binay Ranjan Sen, Indian diplomat, 4th Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (d. 1993) January 3 – John Loder, British actor (d. 1988) January 7 – Art Baker, American actor (d. 1966) January 9 – Gracie Fields, British singer, actress and comedian (d. 1979) January 13 Kaj Munk, Danish playwright, Lutheran pastor and martyr (d. 1944) Samsa, Indian playwright, poet and novelist (d.1939) January 16 Margaret Booth, American film editor (d. 2002) Irving Rapper, English-born American director (d. 1999) January 18 – Margaret Irving, American actress (d. 1988) January 20 John George, Ottoman-born American actor (d. 1968) Tudor Owen, Welsh-American actor (d. 1979) Norma Varden, British-born American actress (d. 1989) January 21 Rudolph Maté, Polish-born American cinematographer, film director (d. 1964) Shah Ahmad Shah Qajar of Persia (d. 1930) January 22 Sergei Eisenstein, Russian and Soviet film director (d. 1948) Elazar Shach, Lithuanian-born Israeli Haredi rabbi (d. 2001) January 23 – Randolph Scott, American film actor (d. 1987) January 24 – Karl Hermann Frank, German Nazi official, war criminal (d. 1946) January 25 – Hymie Weiss, American gangster (d. 1926) January 26 – Katarzyna Kobro, Polish sculptor (d. 1951) February 1 – Leila Denmark, American pediatrician, supercentenarian (d. 2012) February 2 – William "Billy" Costello, American voice actor, the original voice of Popeye (d. 1971) February 3 – Alvar Aalto, Finnish architect (d. 1976) February 5 Sidney Fields, American actor (d. 1975) Denjirō Ōkōchi, Japanese actor (d. 1962) February 10 Bertolt Brecht, German writer (d. 1956) Robert Keith, American actor (d. 1966) Joseph Kessel, French journalist, author (d. 1979) February 11 Henry de La Falaise, French film director, Croix de guerre recipient (d. 1972) Leó Szilárd, Hungarian-American physicist (d. 1964) February 12 Wallace Ford, British actor (d. 1966) Roy Harris, American composer (d. 1979) Audrey Jeffers, Trinidadian social worker, politician (d. 1968) Blue Washington, American actor, Negro league baseball player (d. 1970) February 14 Eva Novak, American actress (d. 1988) Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, Argentine writer, journalist, essayist and poet (d. 1959) Fritz Zwicky, Swiss physicist, astronomer (d. 1974) February 15 Bud Geary, American actor (d. 1946) Totò, Italian comedian, actor, poet, and songwriter (d. 1967) Allen Woodring, American runner (d. 1982) February 18 Enzo Ferrari, Italian race car driver, automobile manufacturer (d. 1988) Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rican poet, journalist and politician (d. 1980) February 20 – Semyon Davidovich Kirlian, Russian inventor (d. 1978) February 25 – William Astbury, English physicist, molecular biologist (d. 1961) February 24 – Kurt Tank, German aeronautical engineer (d. 1983) February 27 – Otto Hulett, American actor (d. 1983) February 28 Hugh O'Flaherty, Irish Catholic priest (d. 1963) Molly Picon, American actress, lyricist (d. 1992) March 3 – Emil Artin, Austrian mathematician (d. 1962) March 4 – Georges Dumézil, French philologist (d. 1986) March 5 Misao Okawa, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2015) Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 1976) Soong Mei-ling, First Lady of China (d. 2003) March 6 – Therese Giehse, German actress (d. 1975) March 8 – Eben Dönges, acting Prime Minister of South Africa and elected President of South Africa (d. 1968) March 10 – Cy Kendall, American actor (d. 1953) March 11 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968) March 13 – Henry Hathaway, American film director, producer (d. 1985) March 14 – Arnold Chikobava, Georgian linguist (d. 1985) March 15 – Gardner Dow, American college football player (d. 1919) March 21 – Paul Alfred Weiss, Austrian biologist (d. 1989) March 23 Erich Bey, German admiral (d. 1943) Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset, Duchess of Parma (d. 1984) March 25 – Marcelle Narbonne, French supercentenarian, oldest European living person (d. 2012) March 30 – Joyce Carey, English actress (d. 1993) March 31 – Hermann van Pels, German-Dutch father of Peter van Pels, housemate of Anne Frank (d. 1944) April–June Hastings Banda Paul Robeson Jim Fouché April 1 – William James Sidis, American mathematician (d. 1944) April 2 – Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990) April 3 – George Jessel, American comedian (d. 1981) April 4 – Agnes Ayres, American actress (d. 1940) April 5 – Solange d'Ayen, French noblewoman, Duchess of Ayen and journalist (d. 1976)[14] April 6 – Jeanne Hébuterne, French painter (d. 1920) April 9 – Paul Robeson, African-American actor, singer and political activist (d. 1976) April 12 – Lily Pons, French-American opera singer, actress (d. 1976) April 14 – Lee Tracy, American actor (d. 1968) April 15 – Marian Driscoll Jordan, American actress (d. 1961) April 19 – Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973) April 20 – Sidney Lanfield, American film director (d. 1972) April 21 – Walter Forde, British actor, screenwriter and film director (d. 1984) April 23 – Ernest Laszlo, Hungarian-American cinematographer (d. 1984) April 26 Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984) John Grierson, Scottish documentary filmmaker (d. 1972) Tomu Uchida, Japanese film director (d. 1970) May 2 – Henry Hall, British bandleader (d. 1989) May 3 Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1978)[15] Septima Poinsette Clark, American educator and civil rights activist (d. 1987) May 5 Elsie Eaves, American civil engineer (d. 1983) Blind Willie McTell, American singer (d. 1959) Hans Heinrich von Twardowski, German actor (d. 1958) May 6 – Konrad Henlein, Sudeten German Nazi leader (d. 1945) May 13 Hisamuddin of Selangor, King of Malaysia (d. 1960) Justin Tuveri, Italian World War I veteran (d. 2007) May 14 Hastings Banda, 1st President of Malawi (d. 1997) Betty Farrington, American actress (d. 1989) May 15 – Arletty, French model, actress (d. 1992) May 16 Tamara de Lempicka, Polish Art Deco painter (d. 1980) Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese film director (d. 1956) May 17 Anagarika Govinda, German buddhist lama (d. 1985) Alfred Joseph Casson, Canadian painter (d. 1992) May 19 – Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (d. 1974) May 21 – Armand Hammer, American entrepreneur, art collector (d. 1990) May 23 Frank McHugh, American actor (d. 1981) Scott O'Dell, American author (d. 1989) May 24 – Helen B. Taussig, American cardiologist (d. 1986) May 25 – Bennett Cerf, American publisher (d. 1971) May 27 – Lee Garmes, American cinematographer (d. 1978) May 31 Ernest Haller, American cinematographer (d. 1974) Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, American clergyman (d. 1993) June 3 – Stuart H. Ingersoll, American admiral (d. 1983) June 4 – Harry Crosby, American publisher, poet (d. 1929) June 5 Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright (d. 1936) Guy La Chambre, French politician (d. 1975) June 6 Walter Abel, American actor (d. 1987) Ninette de Valois, Irish dancer, founder of The Royal Ballet, London (d. 2001) Jim Fouché, 5th President of South Africa (d. 1980) June 10 Michel Hollard, French Resistance hero (d. 1993) Virginia Valli, American film actress (d. 1968) June 11 – Lionel Penrose, English geneticist (d. 1972) June 12 – Charley Foy, American actor (d. 1984) June 17 M. C. Escher, Dutch artist (d. 1972) Harry Patch, British World War I soldier, the last Tommy (d. 2009) June 18 Carleton Hobbs, English actor who played Sherlock Holmes for two decades (d. 1978) Dink Trout, American actor (d. 1950) June 22 Weeratunge Edward Perera, Malaysian educator, businessman and social entrepreneur (d. 1982) Erich Maria Remarque, German writer (d. 1970) June 23 – Lillian Hall-Davis, English actress (d. 1933) June 25 – Buddy Roosevelt, American actor, stunt performer (d. 1973) June 26 Sa`id Al-Mufti, 3-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 1989) Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft designer, manufacturer (d. 1978) June 28 – Louis King, American film director (d. 1962) June 30 George Chandler, American actor (d. 1985) Alfredo Duhalde, Chilean politician (d. 1985) July–September Stefanos Stefanopoulos Isidor Isaac Rabi Regis Toomey Leopold Infeld Alfons Gorbach Giuseppe Saragat Howard Florey George Gershwin July 1 – Charles Hartmann, American jazz trombonist (d. 1982) July 2 George J. Folsey, American cinematographer (d. 1988) Anthony McAuliffe, American general (d. 1975) July 3 Donald Healey, English motor engineer, race car driver (d. 1988) Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1982) July 4 Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1898 (d. 2015) Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician, economist (d. 1998) Gertrude Lawrence, English actress, singer (d. 1952) Johnny Lee, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 1965) July 5 – Richard P. Condie, American conductor of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (d. 1985) July 6 Bill Amos, American college football player, coach (d. 1987) Hanns Eisler, German composer (d. 1962) July 7 Maria Nunes da Silva, Portuguese supercentenarian (d. 2011) Teresa Hsu Chih, Chinese-born Singaporean social worker, supercentenarian (d. 2011) Arnold Horween, American Harvard Crimson, NFL football player (d. 1985) Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside, Canadian university professor, diplomat, and civil servant (d. 1992) July 9 Gerard Walschap, Belgian writer (d. 1989) Al Bedner, American football player (d. 1988) July 10 – Theodore Miller Edison, American businessman, inventor, and environmentalist (d. 1992) July 13 – Ivan Triesault, Estonian-born American actor (d. 1980) July 14 David Horne, English actor (d. 1970) John Twist, American screenwriter (d. 1976) Happy Chandler, American politician (d. 1991) Youssef Wahbi, Egyptian actor, film director (d. 1982) July 15 Howard Graham, Canadian Army Officer (d. 1986) Erik Wilén, Finnish sprinter (d. 1982) July 17 Osmond Borradaile, Canadian cameraman, cinematographer and veteran of the First and Second World Wars (d. 1999) Berenice Abbott, American photographer (d. 1991) George Robert Vincent, American sound recording pioneer (d. 1985) Benito Díaz, Spanish football manager, player (d. 1990) July 18 – John Stuart, Scottish actor (d. 1979) July 19 – Gustavo Machado Morales, Venezuelan politician and journalist (d. 1983) July 21 – Sara Carter, American country music singer, musician, and songwriter (d. 1979) July 22 Stephen Vincent Benét, American writer (d. 1943) Alexander Calder, American artist (d. 1976) July 23 – Walter L. Morgan, American banker (d. 1998) July 25 – Arthur Lubin, American film director (d. 1995) July 28 – Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970) July 29 – Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) July 30 – Henry Moore, English sculptor (d. 1986) July 31 – Ken Harris, American animator (d. 1982) August 2 – Glenn Tryon, American actor, screenwriter, and film director (d. 1970) August 5 Lewis R. Foster, American film director, screenwriter (d. 1974) Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai, Indian Tamil Carnatic music violinist (d. 1970) August 11 – Peter Mohr Dam, 2-time prime minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1968) August 12 Kenneth Hawks, American film director (d. 1930) Maria Klenova, Russian marine geologist (d. 1976) Oskar Homolka, Austrian actor (d. 1978) August 13 Mohamad Noah Omar, Malaysian politician (d. 1991) Regis Toomey, American actor (d. 1991) August 15 – Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet (d. 1966) August 17 – Dewey Robinson, American actor (d. 1950) August 18 Lance Sharkey, Australian Communist Leader (d. 1967) Tsola Dragoycheva, Bulgarian politician (d. 1993) August 19 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (d. 1991) August 20 Leopold Infeld, Polish physicist (d. 1968) Vilhelm Moberg, Swedish novelist, historian (d. 1973) August 21 – Herbert Mundin, English actor (d. 1939) August 23 – W. E. Butler, British occultist (d. 1978) August 25 – Van Nest Polglase, American art director, design department head at RKO Pictures (d. 1968) August 26 – Peggy Guggenheim, American art collector (d. 1979) August 27 – John Hamilton, Canadian criminal, bank robber (d. 1934) August 29 – Preston Sturges, American director, writer (d. 1959) August 30 – Shirley Booth, American actress (d. 1992) September 1 Violet Carson, British actress (d. 1983) Marilyn Miller, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 1936) September 2 Alfons Gorbach, 15th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1972) Arthur Young, English actor (d. 1959) September 8 – Queenie Smith, American actress (d. 1978) September 10 George Eldredge, American actor (d. 1977) Bessie Love, American actress (d. 1986) September 13 László Baky, Hungarian Nazi leader (d. 1946) Roger Désormière, French conductor (d. 1963) Emilio Núñez Portuondo, Cuban diplomat, lawyer and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Cuba (d. 1978) September 16 – Baruch Lumet, Polish-born American actor (d. 1992) September 19 – Giuseppe Saragat, President of Italy (d. 1988) September 22 – Katharine Alexander, American actress (d. 1981) September 24 – Howard Florey, Australian-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1968) September 25 – Robert Brackman, American artist (d. 1980) September 26 – George Gershwin, American composer (d. 1937) September 29 – Trofim Lysenko, Russian biologist (d. 1976) September 30 Renée Adorée, French actress (d. 1933) Princess Charlotte of Monaco (d. 1977) October–December William O. Douglas Peng Dehuai Leon Štukelj Karl Ziegler Gunnar Myrdal Baby Dodds October 3 – Morgan Farley, American actor (d. 1988) October 6 Arthur G. Jones-Williams, British aviator (d. 1929) Mitchell Leisen, American film director (d. 1972) Clarence Williams, American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1965) October 7 – Joe Giard, American baseball player (d. 1956) October 10 Lilly Daché, French milliner (d. 1989) Marie-Pierre Kœnig, French general, politician (d. 1970) October 15 – Boughera El Ouafi, Algerian athlete (d. 1959) October 16 – William O. Douglas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1980) October 17 – Shinichi Suzuki, Japanese musician, educator (d. 1998) October 18 George Curzon, English actor (d. 1976) Lotte Lenya, Austrian actress, singer (d. 1981) October 20 – Sergi Jikia, Georgian historian and orientalist (d. 1993) October 22 – Dámaso Alonso, Spanish poet (d. 1990) October 24 – Peng Dehuai, Chinese military leader (d. 1974) October 28 – Abdul Khalek Hassouna, Egyptian diplomat, 2nd Secretary-General of the Arab League (d. 1992) November 1 – Philip Ray, British actor (d. 1978) November 4 – Joe Dougherty, first voice of Porky Pig (d. 1978) November 11 – René Clair, French filmmaker, novelist, and non-fiction writer (d. 1981) November 12 – Leon Štukelj, Slovene gymnast (d. 1999) November 14 – Benjamin Fondane (née Wechsler), Romanian-French Symbolist poet, critic and existentialist philosopher (d. 1944) November 17 Colleen Clifford, Australian actress (d. 1996) Maurice Journeau, French composer (d. 1999) November 18 Joris Ivens, Dutch director (d. 1989) Andrés Soler, Mexican actor (d. 1969) November 19 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (d. 2003) November 21 – René Magritte, Belgian artist (d. 1967) November 22 – Gabriel González Videla, Chilean politician (d. 1980) November 23 – Bess Flowers, American actress (d. 1984) November 24 – Liu Shaoqi, President of the People's Republic of China (d. 1969) November 25 – Debaki Bose, Indian actor, director and writer (d. 1971) November 26 – Karl Ziegler, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) November 29 Rod La Rocque, American actor (d. 1969) C. S. Lewis, British author (d. 1963)[16] November 30 – Firpo Marberry, American baseball pitcher (d. 1976) December 2 – Indra Lal Roy, Indian World War I pilot (d. 1918) December 3 – Monte Collins, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1951) December 5 – Grace Moore, American opera singer, actress (d. 1947) December 6 Alfred Eisenstaedt, American photojournalist (d. 1995) Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish sociologist, economist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) December 9 Emmett Kelly, American circus clown (d. 1979) Clarine Seymour, American actress (d. 1920) December 11 Benno Mengele, Austrian electrical engineer (d. 1971) Taro Shoji, Japanese singer (d. 1972) December 14 – Lillian Randolph, American actress, singer (d. 1980) December 19 – Zheng Zhenduo, Chinese author, translator (d. 1958) December 20 – Irene Dunne, American actress (d. 1990) December 24 – Baby Dodds, American jazz drummer (d. 1959) December 27 Hilda Vaughn, American actress (d. 1957) Inejiro Asanuma, Japanese politician (d. 1960) December 28 – Shigematsu Sakaibara, Japanese admiral and war criminal (d. 1947) December 29 – Randi Anda, Norwegian politician (d. 1999) December 30 Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer and actress (d. 1975) Claire Huchet Bishop, author of The Five Chinese Brothers (with illustrator Kurt Wiese) and The Man Who Lost His Head (with illustrator Robert McCloskey) (d. 1993) December 31 – István Dobi, Hungarian leader (d. 1968) Date unknown I. K. Taimni, Indian chemist (d. 1978) William Wardsworth, Liberian politician (d. 1977) Deaths January–June Lewis Carroll Matilda Joslyn Gage William Ewart Gladstone January 3 – Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate brigadier general, Texas governor, and president of Texas A&M University (b. 1838) January 14 – Lewis Carroll, British writer, mathematician (Alice in Wonderland) (b. 1832) January 16 – Charles Pelham Villiers, longest-serving MP in the British House of Commons (b. 1802) January 18 – Henry Liddell, English Dean of Christ Church, Oxford (b. 1811) January 26 – Cornelia J. M. Jordan, American lyricist (b. 1830) February 1 – Tsuboi Kōzō, Japanese admiral (b. 1843) February 6 – Abdul Samad of Selangor, Malaysian ruler, 4th Sultan of Selangor (b. 1804) February 16 – Thomas Bracken, author of the official national anthem of New Zealand (God Defend New Zealand) (b. 1843) March 1 – George Bruce Malleson, Indian officer, author (b. 1825) March 6 – Andrei Alexandrovich Popov, Russian admiral (b. 1821) March 10 Marie-Eugénie de Jésus, French religious (b. 1817) George Müller, Prussian evangelist, founder of the Ashley Down orphanage (b. 1805) March 11 – William Rosecrans, California congressman, Register of the U.S. Treasury (b. 1819) March 15 – Sir Henry Bessemer, British engineer, inventor (b. 1813) March 16 – Aubrey Beardsley, British artist (b. 1872)[17] March 18 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, American feminist (b. 1826) March 27 – Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Indian university founder (b. 1817) March 28 – Anton Seidl, Hungarian conductor (b. 1850) April 13 – Aurilla Furber, American author (b. 1847) April 15 – Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui, Maori military leader April 18 – Gustave Moreau, French painter (b. 1826) April 29 – Mary Towne Burt, American benefactor (b. 1842) May 19 – William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1809) May 22 – Edward Bellamy, American author (b. 1850) May 29 – Theodor Eimer, German zoologist (b. 1843) June 4 – Rosalie Olivecrona, Swedish feminist activist (b. 1823) June 10 – Tuone Udaina, Croatian-Italian last speaker of the Dalmatian language (b. 1821) June 14 – Dewitt Clinton Senter, American politician, 18th Governor of Tennessee (b. 1830) June 25 – Ferdinand Cohn, German biologist, bacteriologist and microbiologist (b. 1828) July–December Otto von Bismarck Theodor Fontane Saint Charbel Makhluf July 1 Siegfried Marcus, Austrian automobile pioneer (b. 1831) Joaquín Vara de Rey y Rubio, Spanish general (killed in action) (b. 1841) July 5 – Richard Pankhurst, English lawyer, radical and supporter of women's rights (b. 1834) July 8 – Soapy Smith, American con artist and gangster (b. 1860) July 14 – Louis-François Richer Laflèche, Roman Catholic Bishop of Trois-Rivières, Native American missionary (b. 1818) July 30 – Otto von Bismarck, German statesman (b. 1815)[18] August 8 – Eugène Boudin, French painter (b. 1824) August 11 – Sophia Braeunlich, American business manager (b. 1854) September 2 – Wilford Woodruff, fourth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1807) September 5 – Sarah Emma Edmonds, Canadian nurse, spy (b. 1841) September 9 – Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet (b. 1842) September 10 – Empress Elisabeth of Austria, empress consort of Austria, queen consort of Hungary (assassinated) (b. 1837) September 16 – Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, medical doctor and diplomat (b. 1827) September 19 – Sir George Grey, 11th Premier of New Zealand (b. 1812) September 20 – Theodor Fontane, German writer (b. 1819)[19] September 26 – Fanny Davenport, American actress (b. 1850) September 28 – Tan Sitong, Chinese revolutionary (executed) (b. 1865) September 29 – Louise of Hesse-Kassel, German princess, queen consort of Christian IX of Denmark (b. 1817) October 24 – Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter (b. 1824) November 2 – George Goyder, surveyor-general of South Australia (b. 1826) November 20 – Sir John Fowler, British civil engineer (b. 1817) December 24 – Charbel Makhluf, Lebanese Maronite, Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic monk, priest and saint (b. 1828) December 25 – Laura Gundersen, Norwegian actress (b. 1832) Date unknown Sotirios Sotiropoulos, Greek economist, politician (b. 1831) References  Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. Penguin. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.  Linfield, Malcolm (1999). "In Memory of Henry Lindfield – First Victim of the Motor Car". Lin(d)field One Name Group. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2010.  "Henry Lindfield". Grace’s Guide. Retrieved August 5, 2010.  LaNauze, J. A. (1972). The Making of the Australian Constitution. Melbourne University Press.  The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Archived November 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. "Letter to President William McKinley from Annie Oakley". Retrieved January 24, 2008.  Asriel, Camillo J. (1930). Das R.W.E., Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk A.-G., Essen a.d. Ruhr (in German). Girsberger & Company. p. 1.  "The California Powder Works". Santa Cruz Public Library Local History Articles. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2011.  Choveaux, A. (1925). "Situation économique du territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan en 1923". Annales de Géographie. 34 (187): 74–77. doi:10.3406/geo.1925.8102.  Ribbat, Christoph (2011). Flickering Light: A History of Neon. Reaktion Books. p. 23.  Stratmann, Linda (2010). Fraudsters and Charlatans: A Peek at Some of History's Greatest Rogues. Stroud: The History Press.  Salmon, John S. (1994). A Guidebook to Virginia's Historical Markers. University of Virginia Press. p. 48.  Benedetti, Jean (1999). Stanislavski: His Life and Art (Revised ed.). London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-52520-1.  Hunt, Liz (March 1, 2011). "The forensic mind of the original Dr Death". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022.  "Acte de décès à Paris 13e arrondissement (75013) pour l'année 1976". Acte Décès (in French). Retrieved August 22, 2023.  "Golda Meir". Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers. February 16, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2021.  "C.S. Lewis | Biography, Books, Mere Christianity, Narnia, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved June 19, 2023.  Crawford, Alan (September 23, 2004). "Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent (1872–1898), illustrator". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1821. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)  Steinberg, Jonathan (2011). Bismarck: A Life. Oxford University Press. pp. 462–3. ISBN 978-0-19-997539-6.  Otto Drude (1994). Theodor Fontane. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt. p. 176. Sources Morro Castle, Havana Harbor. 00694250. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2009. Filmed ca. March 17 to April 1, 1898 Morro Castle (fortress) downloadable videos. (1898 Morro Castle, Havana Harbor, YouTube stream. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2009. needs Flash) 1898 U S Battleship Indiana. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. view of USS Indiana (BB-1) (needs Flash) 1898 Transport Ship Whitney Leaving Dock. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-05-20 (needs Flash) 1898 10th U.S. Infantry, 2nd Battalion leaving Train. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2009. 1898-05-20 view of 10th U.S. Infantry, 2nd Battalion (needs Flash) 1898 U.S. Cavalry Supplies Unloading at Tampa, Florida. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-05-20 view of Tampa, Florida (needs Flash) 1898 Military Camp at Tampa, taken from train. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-05-20 view of Tampa, Florida (needs Flash) 1898 Cuban Refugees Waiting for Rations. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-05-20 (needs Flash) 1898 Colored Troops Disembarking. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-05-20 (needs Flash) 1898 Troops Ship for the Philippines. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. June 1898 (needs Flash) 1898 U.S. troops landing at Daiquirí, Cuba. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-08-05 view of Daiquirí after the United States invasion of Cuba in the Spanish–American War (needs Flash) 1898 Major General Shafter. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-08-05 view of Major General Shafter (needs Flash) 1898 Troops making road in front of Santiago. Thomas Edison. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2009. 1898-09-03 view of Santiago (needs Flash) Authority control databases: National Edit this at Wikidata IsraelUnited States Category: 1898 List of British banknotes and coins Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia List of British banknotes and coins, with commonly used terms. Coins Main article: Coins of the pound sterling Pre-decimal Prior to decimalisation in 1971, there were 12 pence (written as 12d) in a shilling (written as 1s or 1/-) and 20 shillings in a pound, written as £1 (occasionally "L" was used instead of the pound sign, £). There were therefore 240 pence in a pound. For example, 2 pounds 14 shillings and 5 pence could have been written as £2 14s 5d or £2/14/5. The origin of £/L, s, and d were the Latin terms Libra, meaning a pound weight (with the £ sign developing as an elaborate L), solidus (pl. solidi), 20 of which made up one Libra, and denarius (pl. denarii), 240 of which made up one Libra with 12 being equal to one solidus. These terms and divisions of currency were in use from the 7th century. The value of some coins fluctuated, particularly in the reigns of James I and Charles I. The value of a guinea fluctuated between 20 and 30 shillings before being fixed at 21 shillings in December 1717. These are denominations of British, or earlier English, coins – Scottish coins had different values. Coin Pre-decimalisation value Post-decimalisation value Dates of use Notes Mite 1 / 24 d £0.0001736 15th century The Flemish groat approximately matched the English penny c 1420-1480 and was divided into 24 mites. The latter was thus extended to mean  1 / 24  penny or  1 / 6  farthing even if not minted in Tudor England.[1][2] Quarter farthing 1 / 16 d £0.00026 1839–1868. [coins 1] Third farthing 1 / 12 d £0.0003472 1827–1913. [coins 1] Half farthing 1 / 8 d £0.00052083 1828–1868. [coins 1] Farthing 1 / 4 d £0.00104167 c. 1200–1960. The word "farthing" means "fourth part" (of a penny). Halfpenny 1 / 2 d £0.0021 1272–1969. Often called a "ha'penny" (pronounced /ˈheɪpni/ HAYP-nee), plural halfpennies ("ha'pennies") for the coins, halfpence ("ha'pence") for the monetary amount. Three farthings 3 / 4 d £0.0031 1561–1582. One penny 1d £0.0042 757–1970 (and thereafter only for Maundy). Commonly called a "copper"; plural "pennies" for the coins, "pence" for the monetary amount Three halfpence 1+ 1 / 2 d £0.0063 1561–1582, 1834–1870. Pronounced as "three-ha'pence".[coins 1] Half groat 2d £0.0083 1351–1662. Twopence 2d £0.0083 silver 1668–current (for Maundy); copper 1797–1798. Pronounced "tuppence". Threepence 3d £0.0125 silver 1547–1945 (and thereafter only for Maundy), nickel-brass 1937–1970. Sometimes called "thripp'nce", "thrupp'nce", "threpp'nce" or "thripp'ny bit", "thrupp'ny bit". Referred to as a "joey" after the groat was no longer in circulation, as featured in George Orwell's Keep the Aspidistra Flying. Groat 4d £0.0167 silver 1279–1662, 1836–1862 (and thereafter only for Maundy). Referred to as a "joey" after Joseph Hume, the economist and Member of Parliament until it stopped being issued in 1885.[3] Sixpence 6d £0.025 1547–1970; circulated from 1971 to 1980 with a value of two and a half decimal pence. Also called "tanner", sometimes "tilbury",[4] or "joey" after the groat was no longer in circulation.[citation needed] Shilling 1/- £0.05 1502–1970, circulated from 1971 to 1990 with a value of five decimal pence. Also called a "bob", in singular or plural. Quarter florin or helm 1/6 £0.075 1344 Gold coin demonetized within one year. [coins 2] Gold penny 1/8 to 2/- £0.0833 to £0.1 1257–1265. Gold. Undervalued for its metal content and extremely rare. Quarter noble 1/8 £0.0833 1344–1470. Quarter angel 2/- £0.1 1547–1600. Gold. Florin or two shillings 2/- £0.1 1848–1970, circulated from 1971 to 1993 with a value of ten decimal pence. Not to be confused with the gold medieval florin. [coins 2] Half crown 2/6 £0.125 1526–1969. Sometimes known as "half a dollar" (see Crown below). Half florin or leopard 3/- £0.15 1344 Gold; extremely rare. [coins 2] Half noble 3/4 to 4/2 £0.1667 to £0.2083 minted 1346–1438. increased in value in 1464 Half angel 3/4, later 5/6 £0.1667, later £0.275 1470–1619. Double florin 4/- £0.2 1887–1890. Silver. [coins 2] Crown of the rose 4/6 £0.225 1526–1551. Dollar (British coin) 5/- £0.25 1804–1811, (withdrawn 1818) [5] Silver, overstruck on Spanish 8 Reales coin. Crown 5/- £0.25 1526–1965. Sometimes known as "a dollar" – from the 1940s when the exchange rate was four USD to the GBP. Quarter guinea 5/3 £0.2625 1718, 1762. Florin or double leopard 6/- £0.3 1344. Gold; demonetized within one year. [coins 2] Noble 6/8, later 8/4 £0.3333, later £0.4167 1344–1464. Increased in value in 1464. Angel 6/8 £0.3333 1461–1643. Half mark 6/8 £0.333 [medieval period] A unit of account, not a coin. Convenient as it was exactly one-third of a pound. Third guinea 7/- £0.35 1797–1813. Rose noble or ryal 10/-, later 15/- £0.5, later £0.75 1464–1470, 1487, 1553–1603. Increased in value from 1553. Half sovereign 10/- £0.5 1544–1553; 1603–1604; 1817–1937 A bullion coin since 1980. Half pound 10/- £0.5 1559–1602; 1642–1644 Double crown 10/- £0.5 1604–1619; 1625–1662. Half laurel 10/- £0.5 1619–1625. Half unite 10/- £0.5 1642–1643. Half guinea 10/6 £0.525 1669–1813. Mark 13/4 £0.667 [medieval period] A unit of account not a coin, but widely used. Spur ryal 15/- £0.75 1604–1625. Sovereign 20/- £1 1489–1604; 1817–1937 A bullion coin since 1957. Unite 20/- £1 1604–1619; 1649–1662. Laurel 20/- £1 1619–1644? Carolus 20/-, later 23/- £1, later £1.15 reign of Charles I. Broad 20/- £1 1656. Guinea 21/- £1.05 1663–1799, 1813. Rose Ryal 30/- £1.50 1604–1625. Two pounds 40/- £2 1823–1937. Gold; "double sovereign". Two guineas or double guinea originally 40/-, later 42/- originally £2, later £2.10 1664–1753. Originally known as a "forty-shilling piece"; value changed to forty-two shillings after the Proclamation of 1717 finally settled the value of a guinea. Fifty shillings 50/- £2.50 1656. Triple unite 60/- £3 1642–1644. Five pounds 100/- £5 1826–1990. Gold. Five guineas originally 100/-, later 105/- originally £5, later £5.25 1668–1753. Originally known and valued as five pounds, but became five guineas when the guinea was standardised at one pound and one shilling in 1717. Visualisation of some British currency terms before decimalisation Notes:  Denomination issued for use in the colonies, usually in Ceylon, Malta, and the West Indies, but normally counted as part of the British coinage.  The medieval florin, half florin, and quarter florin were gold coins intended to circulate in Europe as well as in England and were valued at much more than the Victorian and later florin and double florin. The medieval florins were withdrawn within a year because they contained insufficient gold for their face value and thus were unacceptable to merchants. 1915 half sovereign 1915 half sovereign   1560–61 halfpound, one of the first English milled coins 1560–61 halfpound, one of the first English milled coins   1740 Two guineas 1740 Two guineas Decimal Since decimalisation on "Decimal Day", 15 February 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. Originally the term "new pence" was used; the word "new" was dropped from the coinage in 1983. The old shilling equated to five (new) pence, and, for example, £2 10s 6d became £2.52+ 1 / 2 . The symbol for the (old) penny, "d", was replaced by "p" (or initially sometimes "np", for new pence). Thus 72 pence can be written as £0.72 or 72p; both were commonly read as "seventy-two pee". Post-decimalisation British coins. Name Value Notes Half penny 1 / 2 p Sometimes written "ha'penny" (pronounced /ˈheɪpni/ HAYP-nee), but normally called a "half-pee"; demonetised and withdrawn from circulation in December 1984. One penny 1p Two pence 2p Five pence 5p A direct replacement for the shilling. The coin was reduced in size in 1990. Six pence 6p Minted uniquely in 2016 as a commemorative coin.[6] Ten pence 10p A replacement for the florin (two shillings). The coin was reduced in size in 1992. Twenty pence 20p Introduced in 1982. Twenty-five pence 25p A commemorative coin issued between 1972 and 1981 as a post-decimal continuation of the old crown. From 1990 it was replaced in the commemorative role by the £5 coin. Fifty pence 50p Introduced in 1969, just prior to decimalisation, to replace the ten shilling note ("ten bob note"). It was initially sometimes called a "ten bob bit". The coin was reduced in size in 1997. One pound £1 Introduced in 1983 to replace the one pound note. Sovereign £1 Gold bullion coins, available in four other sizes too: quarter sovereign (25p), half sovereign (£ 1 / 2 ), double sovereign (£2) and quintuple sovereign (£5). Two pounds £2 Issued as a commemorative coin from 1986 and in general circulation from 1998 (dated from 1997). Britannia various values Gold and silver bullion coins, either one — or multiples, or fractions of — troy ounces. Five pounds £5 Introduced in 1990 as a commemorative coin, as a continuation of the old crown, replacing the commemorative role of the twenty-five pence coin. The Valiant £10 Bullion / collectors' coins issued in 2018 and 2019; 10 troy ounces of silver.[7] Twenty pounds £20 Introduced in 2013 as a commemorative coin.[8] Fifty pounds £50 Introduced in 2015 as a commemorative coin.[9] One hundred pounds £100 Introduced in 2015 as a commemorative coin.[10] Banknotes Main articles: Banknotes of the pound sterling and Bank of England note issues. Note: The description of banknotes given here relates to notes issued by the Bank of England. Three banks in Scotland and four banks in Northern Ireland also issue notes, in some or all of the denominations: £1, £5, £10, £20, £50, £100. British bank notes: Pre-decimalisation British Notes: Name Value Circulation Notes Five shilling note 5/-(£0.25) Red X non-circulating Originally issued by the treasury in 1914-1928. Not replaced by Bank of England notes. Ten shilling note 10/-(£0.5) Red X non-circulating Originally issued by the treasury in 1914. Replaced by Bank of England notes from 1928. Commonly known as "ten bob note" or "half a quid". 1914–1970. Post-decimalisation British Notes: Name Value Circulation Notes £1 note £1 Red X non-circulating Withdrawn in 1988, it is still issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland, Bank of Ireland and still used in some of the Channel Islands.[citation needed] £5 note £5 Green tick in circulation The original "large white fiver" five pound note was known as "five jacks" and replaced in 1957 by the blue £5 note. Now also known as a "fiver". £10 note £10 Green tick in circulation Also known as a "tenner". £20 note £20 Green tick in circulation Also known as a "score". £50 note £50 Green tick in circulation Also known as a "bullseye". £100 note £100 Green tick in circulation Issued by Scottish and Northern-Irish banks only. £1,000,000 note £1,000,000 Red X non-circulating Also known as a "Giant". Used as backing for banknotes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks when exceeding the value of their 1845 reserves. The amount to be covered is over a billion pounds.[11] Also issued in 1948 as a temporary measure during the postwar reconstruction in the Marshall Plan.[12] £10,000,000 note £10,000,000 Red X non-circulating Used as backing for banknotes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks when exceeding the value of their 1845 reserves. The amount to be covered is over a billion pounds. £100,000,000 note £100,000,000 Red X non-circulating Also known as a "Titan". Used as backing for banknotes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks when exceeding the value of their 1845 reserves. The amount to be covered is over a billion pounds.[11] Bank of England notes are periodically redesigned and reissued, with the old notes being withdrawn from circulation and destroyed. Each redesign is allocated a "series". Currently the £50 note is "series F" issue whilst the £5, £10 and £20 notes are "series G" issue. Series G is the latest round of redesign, which commenced in September 2016 with the polymer £5 note, September 2017 with the polymer £10 note, and February 2020 with the polymer £20 note.[13] References  Money and coinage in late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Pages 26-27: groat 0.8-0.9g in 1420s, penny 0.9g in 1411. https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/MONEYLEC.pdf  Lara E. Eakins. "Coinage". tudorhistory.org. Retrieved 22 June 2014.  "Slang Terms for Money".  "Money Slang".  https://web.archive.org/web/20180707085524/https://coinquest.com/cgi-bin/cq/coins.pl?large=20994  "Our Coins | the Royal Mint".  The Valiant  "£20 Coins". The Royal Mint.  "£50 Coins". The Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.  "Buckingham Palace 2015 UK £100 Fine Silver Coin". Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.  "Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes - The Role of Backing Assets". Bank of England. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2013.  "One in a Million". Time. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2018.  http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/index.htm Current banknotes of the Bank of England External links icon Money portal The Royal Mint – UK coins Coins from United Kingdom - Online Coin Club Bank of England: banknotes vte Sterling coinage Decimal 1 / 2 p1p2p5p10p20p50p£1£2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( 1 / 16 d.) (Ceylon)Third farthing ( 1 / 12 d.) (Malta)Half farthing ( 1 / 8 d.)Farthing ( 1 / 4 d.)Halfpenny ( 1 / 2 d.)Penny (1d.)Three halfpence (1+ 1 / 2 d.) (British Ceylon & British West Indies)Twopence (2d.)Threepence (3d.)Fourpence (4d.)Sixpence (6d.)Shilling (1/–)Fifteen pence (1/3d.) (Australia)Eighteen Pence(1/6d.) (British Ireland)Florin (2/–)Half crown (2/6d.)Thirty Pence(2/6d.) (British Ireland)Double florin (4/–)Crown (5/–)Six Shillings (6/-) (British Ireland)Quarter guinea (5/3d.)Third guinea (7/–)Half sovereign (10/–)Half guinea (10/6d.)Sovereign (£1)Guinea (£1/1/–)Double sovereign (£2)Two guineas (£2/2/–)Five pounds (£5)Five guineas (£5/5/–) Commemorative 3p (Tristan da Cunha)6p25p60p (Isle of Man)70p (Ascension Island)£5£10£20£25£50£100£200£500£1000Maundy money Bullion BritanniaQuarter sovereignHalf sovereignSovereignDouble sovereignQuintuple sovereignLunarThe Queen's BeastsLandmarks of Britain See also Sterling (currency)Sterling banknotesList of British banknotes and coinsList of British currenciesJubilee coinageOld Head coinageScottish coinageCoins of IrelandList of people on coins of the United Kingdom Categories: Coins of the United KingdomPre-decimalisation coins of the United KingdomLists of slangBritish EnglishCurrency listsPound sterling
  • Condition: In Good Contion for its age over 125 years old
  • Denomination: Threepence
  • Year of Issue: 1898
  • Era: Victoria (1837-1901)
  • Fineness: 0.925
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Country of Origin: Great Britain

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